Term
| The body has a liquid environment that serves to transport things between cells called the (1) (1). The lymphatic system runs parallel to this. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe lymph capillaries. |
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Definition
| These are blind-ending tubes in the capillary beds which will flow from here to join with larger vessels. |
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Term
| True or False: in the capillary bed, blood flows from venule to arteriole. |
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Definition
| False - the blood enters via an arteriole and exits to the heart in a venule. |
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Term
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Definition
(1) capillary
(2) interstitium
(3) lymph capillary |
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Term
As blood moves from the arterial to venous end of a capillary bed, the fluid plasma is forced into the interstitium by the pressure gradient.
(1) What is the fluid called in the tissue?
(2) Name 3 possible substances found in the fluid. |
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Definition
(1) interstitial fluid
(2) Possible answers: water, proteins, oxygen, dust particles, bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| Lymph is fluid in the lymph vessels, derived originally from the plasma component of blood but with added immunologic components (i.e. antibodies and lymphocytes). |
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Term
| By what mechanism is interstitial fluid drawn into the lymph vessels? |
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Definition
| As fluid leaks from the capillaries and the interstitium swells, anchoring filaments on lymphatic vessel cells pull open the spaces between these cells and the fluid flows into the lymph capillary. |
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Term
| The lymphatic capillaries are not distributed evenly. Where are they most densely concentrated? Where are they most scarce? |
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Definition
| Beneath the surfaces of the body dermis, mucosa and submucosa lining the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. Sparse in muscle and connective tissues, and absent in avascular tissues as well as the CNS. |
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Term
| How do small and large lymphatic vessels keep blood flowing in one direction? |
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Definition
| They contain numerous valves to maintain correct bloodflow. |
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Term
| What are lymph nodes? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Lymph nodes are an organized accumulation of lymphoid tissue scattered along the lymphatic vessels. |
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Term
| How does lymph filter through a lymph node? |
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Definition
| Multiple afferent vessels bring the lymph to the node. Then, it percolates through the meshed reticulum and macrophages living there will eat any pathogens in the lymph and present antigens to B&T lymphocytes. Finally, the lymph will percolate through the node and leave via efferent vessels. |
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Term
| What are three areas with an aggregation of lymphoid tissue? |
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Definition
| Peyer's patches (small intestine), tonsils, and bone marrow. |
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Term
| What are the two main lymphoid "organs"? |
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Definition
| The spleen and thymus (thymus is usually not present in adults). |
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Term
| In females, what is significant about the axillary concentration of lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| This serves the upper extremity as well as the breast. Since 1 in 8 women have breast cancer at some point in their lives, this drainage is significant because it allows easy metastasis to the lymph nodes. It's important that you understand the lymphatic drainage to understand whether the cancer is still isolated in the primary organ, or how far it's metastasized. |
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Term
| What is the subclavian trunk? |
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Definition
| This is the coalescence of the axillary lymph nodes' drainage. |
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Term
| What lymph vessels drain into the jugular trunk? |
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Definition
| All lymph from the head and neck region ends up here. |
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Term
| Where can you find the left and right mediastinal trunks of the lymph circulation? |
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Definition
| These are found on either side of the trachea, since the mediastinum is the portion of the thorax that's between the lungs (where the heart sits). |
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Term
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Definition
| Inguinal nodes (superficial) - these drain the lower extremity. |
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Term
| The inguinal nodes drain into the iliac nodes, which flow into the lumbar and intestinal drunk and eventually into what sac-like structure? Where is this located? |
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Definition
| Cysterna chylii, located just below the diaphragm at L1-L2 |
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Term
| The cysterna chylii is the beginning of the largest lymphatic vessel in the body. What is this vessel? |
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Definition
| The thoracic duct. It ascends through the thorax, right on the vertebral bodies. |
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Term
| What areas drain into the thoracic duct? |
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Definition
| All of the left side of the body and the right below the diaphragm empties into the thoracic duct. |
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Term
| The right lymphatic duct receives flow from what three areas? |
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Definition
| The right jugular trunk, the right subclavian trunk, and the right mediastinal trunk. |
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Term
| Where is the lymph in the thoracic duct brought back into circulation? |
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Definition
| At the intersection of the left internal jugular vein and the left subclavian vein. |
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Term
| Where is the lymph in the right lymphatic duct brought back into circulation? |
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Definition
| At the junction of the right internal jugular and right subclavian veins. |
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Term
| List the four functions of the lymphatic system. |
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Definition
1) Drainage of tissue fluid and macromolecules back into circulation.
2) Absorption and transport of fat.
3) Filtration of lymph.
4) Dissemination of cancer cells. |
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Term
| What factors will impact lymph flow? |
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Definition
1. Smooth muscle in walls of lymph vessels
2. Compression of vessels due to contraction of surrounding muscles
3. Negative pressure in thorax generated by respiratory movements
4. Gravity
5. Pulsations of arteries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged, sometimes tender, lymph nodes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enlarged, tender, and inflamed lymph nodes resulting from an infection. |
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Term
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Definition
| A benign tumor of the lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation of the lymphatic vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of lymph fluid producing subcutaneous tissue swelling |
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Term
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Definition
| Any tumor composed of lymphatic tissue |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Long-standing edema of one or both lower extremities, and sometimes of the arms or other body parts, that is due to lymphatic obstruction. |
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