4.2 - 6.0 M males

 3.5 - 5.5 M females

M = million

140K - 400K

k=1000

Cardio:               bounding pulse, tachycardia, hypotension

Integument:       pale, dry skin, mucous membranes

Renal:                increased urine with low spec grav

Neuromuscular:  lethargy, agitation, dizziness, confusion

GI:                    anorexia, vomitting, diarrhea, cramping

Cardio:            tachycardia, hypertension, <contractility

Integument:      sticky mucous, rough tongue, flushed

Renal:                thirst, increased urine

Neuromuscular:  twitching, tremor, hyperreflexia

GI:                    watery diarrhea, nausea, thirst

Cardio:          pulse weak&thready, ST segment depression

                     flat T, U wave, vent dysrhythmia

Renal:              polyuria, nocturia, <sp grav

Respiratory:        weak shallow respirations

Neuromuscular:  anxiety, lethargy, parathesias, leg cramps

GI:                 nausea, diarrhea or constipation, polydipsia

Cardio:         irregular, slow heart rate, narrow peaked T,

                   wide QRS, flat P

Respiratory:   very high levels paralyzes diaphragm

Neuromuscular: twitching and cramps, irritability, anxiety

GI:           hyperactive bowel sounds, diarrhea, nausea     

Cardio:               <BP, long QT, lengthened ST

Respiratory:  laryngospasm

Neuromuscular: paresthesias of hands & feet, Chvostek

                     sign (cheek), Trouseau sign(BP cuff spasm)

            GI:    hyperactive bowel sounds

Cardio:               hyptensn, <ST segments, short QT,

                         dysrythmias (heart block)

Renal:                polydypsia, polyuria

Neuromuscular:    headache, confusion, fatigue, personality

                          change, lethargy

GI:                N&V, ab pain, constipation, hypotonic bowels

Cardio:        supraventric tachycardia, PVC, broad or

                   flat T, depressed ST, prominent U

Respiratory:    laryngeal stridor

Neuromuscular: mood changes, hyperreflexia, twitching,

                        tremors, Chvosteks sign

GI:   similar and often associated with <Ca and <K

Cardio:   hypotensn, bradycardia, arrythmias, elevated T,

              wide QRS, long PR

Neuromuscular:   similar to hyperkalemia - depressed DTR

                          and muscular activity