• The Church's most important ecumenical councils (19th ecumenical council)
• Convened by Pope Paul III December 13, 1545-December 4, 1563
• Revitalized Catholicism in many parts of Europe. The council condemned Protestant heresies and “locks down Catholicism” by reforming the inner life of the Church and removing numerous abuses that had developed. 
• Important because   Religious orders are found that “are completely gung-ho about the Catholic way of life. Began "Counter-Reformation," a period of enthusiasm for Catholic evangelization in America. Started establishing religious schools in America.

Domus

• Chief unit of social relationships and cultural transmission in Italian Harlem
• The term encompasses more than just the       Italian family; it also includes the physical home, extended family, and       nonblood members.
•  The domus served as the basis of meaning and       moral       judgment for the people of Italian Harlem.
• Married women with       children       were the hidden center of the domus-centered society as the source       of power and authority within the domus.
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE The people of Italian Harlem distinguished themselves from Americans             with their love and respect for the domus. But the supreme demands of             conformity and submission within the domus often created conlict, rage, and             rebellion, especially between Italian-born generations and their Italian-            American children.

• 1789-1799
• A period of radical social and political upheaval in French history. Many anti-Catholic groups resented the power and wealth of the Church and were fueled by the “Cult of Reason,”  causing a massive shift in power from the Catholic Church to the state. 
• In 1790, the new French government implemented the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This document put the Church and clergy under the control of the state. Many bishops and clergy signed the document. Those who did not were executed.

•  IMPORTANT BECAUSE The Revolution was considered “anti-Catholic,” causing many Catholic     priests to be killed, convert, or move to America. This caused a lot of conflict       in America, and the American church became less Republican/Democratic as       a result. French Catholic immigrants controlled the Church and tensions rose       between the French and Irish. Trustee battles broke out over the right for a       congregation to hire/fire priests. This became “a new experiment of       democracy in America.”

          

• An American archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church known for his preaching and especially his work on television and radio and known as one           of the first televangelists.
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE After WWII, Sheen put Catholicism into new terms, calling it "anti-Communist." Catholics becoming Americans

• In the 1960’s congress re-opened immigration, causing many Hispanics, Latinos and Asians to immigrate to America. 
• Bobby Kennedy was involved in  the activism of Southern California civil rights leader of migrant farmworkers, Cesar Chavez, who taught CST and became enamored with labor rights and Catholic worker rights. 
• Liberation theology taught that God prefers the poor and that’s where the Catholic church should be.
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE Eurocentric American Catholicism caused Hispanics to be outsiders in          their own faith. Many Hispanics advocated for national parishes but did not  get them. Many Hispanic Catholics supported an “activist faith” in America. “Si se peude” (“yes we can”) reflected the Hispanic Catholic cause.

• 1845-1847; Pushed the Irish into America because of industrialization, religious freedom, and opportunity. 
• Irish Catholics in the North became poor             and oppressed, the lowest rung on the economic ladder. They were forced to work the menial factory jobs. After going on strike because of their poor working conditions, factories hired free Blacks instead. 
• Irish didn’t have money to buy their way out of war. In July 1863, one week after Gettysburg, the Irish rioted in New York, known as the “Draft Riots.”
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE Irish immigrants brought a parish-oriented religious heritage to America. The Irish stamp of Catholicism, including their devotional life, respect for             priests, the churches they built, and the confraternities they formed were all             brought to America. Irish immigration caused ethnic conflict in America, as             well, who had a 20-year headstart over the Germans in starting their own             churches. Riots occurred between German and Irish. However, a shared             sense of loyalty to their adopted homeland transcended national differences.             Another uniting factor among German and Irish Catholics were nativist             attacks on their nationalities and Catholicism.

• One of the most influential American Catholic intellectuals of the 19^th Century. Born in New York on December 18, 1819, was raised Methodist but converted to the Church under Orestes Brownson and becomes a Catholic priest.
• Pope gave license to create a new religious order in NYC, and he  founded the Paulist fathers. He believed that the Catholic church offered the             kind of “scientific” theology many Americans of the 19^th Century were           looking for.

• IMPORTANT BECAUSE  Hecker saw religious liberty in the American experiment and wanted to    make America Catholic. His mission was twofold: explain Catholics to Protestant America and explain America to the new waves of European Catholic immigrants. He saw the Holy Spirit moving throughout history             toward progress, but emphasized the importance of individual action in             evangelizing America. He had a hard time convincing the Vatican that          America was good.

• 1869-1945; was among the best-known social reformers of the time.
• He        wrote several books on economic justice and put together a plan for social             reform in 1919.
• Some seemingly radical proposals Ryan made included a             permanent federal Labor Board, housing projects for the working classes, a             reduction in the cost of living, vocational training, and an end to child labor.

Important Because Although seemingly radical, most of Ryan’s proposals have been put into                         practice to some degree. Ryan was able to persuade many American bishops             to support his program, partly because the Vatican seems to be in favor of the             rights of labor with so-called “social encyclicals.” This was a time of the             development of Catholic Social Teaching within the United States. Ryan             viewed the separation of economic thought from religious and ethical rules             as the root of practical economic problems faced by Americans in the early             half of the twentieth century. 

• Fr. John Carroll, a Jesuit priest serving Maryland, worked tirelessly to             promote and spread the Catholic faith.
• In 1776, Fr. John Carroll was asked by             the government to go on a diplomatic mission to Quebec, Canada. The             mission failed and Carroll was excommunicated by the Quebec bishop.
• In             1785, Carroll wrote a report to the Roman office in charge of Catholic             missionary activity to explain the New World context of Catholicism.
• In 1786,             leaders of the congregation of St. Peter’s Church in NYC, in the spirit of             Protestant lay trusteeism, wrote to John Carroll asking him to replace a priest             with one they preferred but Carroll refused.
• In 1790, John Carroll becomes             America’s first Catholic bishop of the diocese of Baltimore.
• In 1808, four new             diocese are formed. Bishop Carroll recommends Bishops for each of these             diocese but the Pope does not listen to him.

   Important Because Carroll, who was the superior in charge of the “American mission,”             struggled to re-conceive the Catholic tradition, which was largely shaped by             European culture, in an entirely new American culture. After Carroll became             the Bishop, the Church became more Democratic. American Catholicism             wasn’t understood or accepted by Roman officials.

• A Franciscan missionary who founded nine missions along the coast of California in an attempt to convert Western native Americans to      Catholicism. 
• These missions became important economic, political, and             religious institutions. They brought grain, cattle and a new way of living to             the Indian tribes of California.
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE Was instrumental in helping establish the Catholic religion in America.

• (1656-1680) Otherwise known as the “Mohawk Saint”, Kateri was an early First Nationer convert to Catholicism in the 17^th century--French missionaries baptised her at age 20.
• Her father was a Mohawk chief and her mother was an Algonquin convert to Catholicism.  
• Kateri was left scarred from smallpox and remained sickly most of her life, eventually succumbing to illness at age 24.

Important Because Kateri is an example of the emergence of Catholicism in early America.  Her baptismal name, Kateri, is actually the Mohawk pronunciation of the Anglo name “Catherine”, symbolizing the intersection of Catholicism and First Nation customs.             

•   A Nativist political movement in the 1840s and 1850s formed against the large number of Irish and German immigrants; 
• spawned the “American Party”; 
• strove to curb immigration and naturalization;

Important Because

• Know-Nothingism was the embodiment of what Protestant Americans most feared about Catholicism; represents anti-Catholic sentiment of 19^th century America.  Know-Nothings directly opposed what they saw as foreign influence from the Pope—believed Pope was an enemy of republicanism, liberty, and democracy;
•  also represents the way religious differences became political differences between Protestants and Catholics.  In Know-Nothingism, Catholicism was a direct enemy to American idealism

• Structure of Catholic parish in early 19^th century America where lay parishioners are members of decision-making parish board
• Important Because Lay trusteeism was influenced by American democratic ideals.  Instead of the Old World, European Catholic Church structure where the clergy made all decisions, lay trustees were able to exert power over priests.  This turned the traditional priest-laity relationship on its head.  Advocates for lay trusteeism argued that it was more American, while opponents argued that it actually made Catholicism more Protestant (as seen in Document 10).  French Revolution era priests began ministering anti-Republicanism in American parishes.  Although Bishop England wrote a Catholic Constitution in 1823, it eventually died out and the Church retained its European structure

• Former Ursuline nun in Montreal; 
• released “The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk” in the early 1830s that chronicled apparent transgressions by Catholic nuns and priests, such as killing babies and sexual interactions between nuns and priests.
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE “The Awful Disclosures of Maria Monk” was both a response and an engine of anti-Catholicism.  Monk’s book preyed on perceptions of Catholic clergy as secret society that imprisons individuals; fueled many Nativist opponents of Catholicism 

• 19^th century mostly; 
• Parishes were made up of one certain nationality, i.e. Irish or German, (as chronicled by Jay Dolan in Immigrant Church); national parishes were often the result of chain migration, especially in the case of the Irish, where family members or neighbors from the old country immigrated to American neighborhoods where they knew someone; 
• national parishes often had various classes represented but only one ethnic identity

Important Because The homogenous make-up of national parishes allowed first and second generation immigrants to develop unique cultural traditions within the American setting.  While all national parishes (Irish, German, Italian) shared festive performances, strong Catholic identities, and a connection to their homeland, each national ethnic parish developed unique cultural practices.  National parishes’ cultural make-up allowed them to be targets for Nativist resentment, but their communal ethnic experience served to protect them within their neighborhood and parish

•  Penance, or Reconciliation, is a Sacrament within the Catholic Church.  Penance is the asking for and absolution of sins from a Catholic priest.
• Important because Vatican II changed the official name of the sacrament from Penance to Reconciliation.  This change made the sacrament seem less formal and less mandated. 
• Before Vatican II, Catholics believed they could not receive Eucharist without being absolved of sins, whereas after Vatican II, the stigma of sin changed, and Catholics began receiving Eucharist without Reconciliation.  The change made the Eucharist more accessible because it took an edge off the guilt and made it more about healing.  

• Refers to the absence of mandated Church practices after Vatican II.  Vatican II changed the structure of the Church in that many devotions that older Catholics abided by were no longer mandated—for example, the sacrament of Reconciliation was no longer necessary before taking the Eucharist, and certain fasts before receiving Eucharist were reduced, making the Eucharist “more accessible”.  
• Critics of the reductions argued that they resulted in a “piety void” because there were less ways to devote oneself to the Church

Important Because The Piety Void resulted in various devotions that did not originate within the Church, such as spiritual groups, speaking in tongues, and crucillos (retreats), or more adeptly summarized as Charismatic Catholicism.  Catholics felt that they were not as connected to the Church, so the laity took it upon themselves to organize Catholic groups.  This is important within Catholic America because it the new, post-Vatican II Catholicism began to look more like Protestantism, or more specifically “Pentecostal charismatic” Catholicism

•  refers to the October 27, 1967 
• incident where four individuals, including Catholic priest Phillip Berrigan, poured blood on draft cards. 

IMPORTANT BECAUSE The Baltimore Four were representative of individuals within the Catholic Church who were active within the various political movements of 1960s America, such as Father Hesburgh in the Civil Rights Movement, as well as the Berrigan brothers, who were ardent opponents of the Vietnam War.  Along with the Papal letter Pacem en Terrace, representative of Church’s relationship with and responsibility to greater societal movements, i.e. political and civil rights movements

• Religious philosophy within Roman Catholic community that places strong emphasis on the power of the Pope
• The term was used to be insulting after the Protestant Reformation  in France, implying a lack of patriotism
• Ultramontanism achieved victory and became movement at the First Vatican Council with the pronouncement of Papal Infallibility.
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE it represented Pope's power in America and anti-Catholic sentiment in America by Protestants. Protestants feared the Pope's power.

•       A manual of spiritual exercises and instructions/personal prayer book for Christians who are living in the world and aspire to devotion
•       Written in the 1775 by Bishop Richard Challoner
• IMPORTANT BECAUSE it shows a shift in Catholicism from being focused on the priest and the sacraments to being lay-oriented and rational instead of ritualistic
• o   This is a more Protestant-type book because it’s just the individual and God; no middle man

• Leader of the Progressive Movement,  Democratic presidential candidate in 1928-- First Catholic to run for president
• Attracted lots of ethnic voters, but non-Catholic voters were especially against him because they worried that the Catholic Church and the Pope would dominate his policies
•  Lost in a landslide to Hoover in the 1928 election

·      IMPORTANT BECAUSE he shows the extent of anti-Catholic sentiment and how, even decades after waves of immigrants arrived in America, non-Catholics were still terrified that the Pope was going to somehow control the United States via other people

·      Often used as a comparison to JFK’s run for president in 1960 to show how America’s view of Catholics had changed

•       After WWII Catholics were extremely anti-communist; the Church rejected Communism because they believed it to be atheistic
•       Catholic school children prayed for the conversion of Communist countries
•       Catholic politicians, like McCarthy and Kennedy, led investigations and publicly denounced Communism whenever they had the opportunity
•      IMPORTANT BECAUSE  The Catholics could hate Commies like normal Americans--helped Catholics get a good reputation with other Americans and enter mainstream
•   These networks of Catholics who hate Communism become the Catholic right in terms of politics

• ·      Site where two religious orders were founded in 1812
•  The Sisters of St. Mary/Loretto, Friends of the Cross founded by Narynx, a Belgian priest who was a missionary &  The Sisters of Charity of Nazareth founded by Jean Baptiste David
• Completely American orders
• ·      Important because shows American Catholicism spreading out 
• it shows how American Catholicism starts off wanting to be different but ends up being very connected to European Catholicism because the Catholicism was imported by European clergymen

•       Founded by Dorothy Day in 1933;  Started with the Catholic Worker newspaper
•       Established Houses of Humanity and Farming Communes to help those in need
•      Goal was to advance Catholic social teaching--some people thought it to be Communist

 IMPORTANT BECAUSE 

• this movement was started by the laypeople;
• it claims to be religious but there is no clergy involved. Advanced CST.

•       Post-Vatican II (1960s-1970s) in America--Catholic hierarchy approved in in the 1970s
•       Movement where Catholics have embraced the pentecostal charismata of the Holy Spirit
•       Spiritual gifts (speaking in tongues, prophecies, healing powers, etc.)
• 
  
• ·      Important because people thought Catholicism was turning more Protestant and this was the direction of the church, so this bridges the gap
• o   The movement started at the laity/clergy level and the hierarchy had to respond to it instead of the other way around
• o   It fills a piety void

•       1863 New York
•       Irish people rioted after Congress passed laws to draft men to fight into the Civil War, but people could buy draft substitutes if they had enough money, which meant that the poor Irish were disproportionately drafted due to lack of money. 
• Also were fearful that if the abolitionists were successful, then blacks would take jobs from the Irish
•       The rioters went after nativists, draft offices, and black--105 people died
• ·     IMPORTANT BECAUSE it shows that, despite slavery seeming to be against Catholic beliefs, some Catholics still supported slavery for economic purposes
• o   the Draft Riots were also a catalyst for change in New York because the city’s rich realized that there were horrible consequences to ignoring the poor and reforms were enacted

•       In 1634, 200 people entered Chesapeake Bay Harbor and Lord Baltimore founded Maryland
•       3 Jesuit priests were onboard
•       Economic and religious venture
•       The “Act Concerning Religion” written by the second Lord Baltimore--a major act of religious tolerance for the time period (as long as you are a Christian and believe in the Trinity, you can practice your religion freely)
• "Priestless Church"--16,000 Catholics, 19 Priests
• ·      IMPORTANT BECAUSE it shows the union of church and state
• Church is lay-driven, unorganized--Garden of the Soul

•       Pat and Patricia Crowley; lay experts and involved in the Catholic family movement in 1950s and 60s.
•  Had 5 biological kids and 50 foster kids 
•       Added to a council in 1966 to examine the Church’s stance on birth control by Pope Paul VI--Were a part of the council who recommended against a ban on birth control
• ·      Important because they felt that they could question a priest in a public setting and were asked by the pope to help decide church doctrine, something that laypeople never did before
• o   Evidence of the post-Vatican II power shift in the Church