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| Pre-Vatican II Moral Theology |
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Definition
i. Individualistic
ii. Act Centered
iii. Law oriented
iv. Sin-conscious
v. Minimalistic
vi. Rooted in natural law arguments
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| Post Vatican II Moral Theological Contributions |
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Definition
- Scripture present in Theology
- Primacy of Conscience
- Universal Call to Holiness
- Space is created for Moral Theologians
- Dialogue welcome
- Ecclesionlogy Shift: church is made up of the people of God, not just hierarchy
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Term
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A meta-ethical view that claims ethics has no meaning, or congitive value.
Rather, Right or Wrong is an emotional response.
'hurrah/boo theory' |
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A form of Absolutism
“Right” and “Wrong” are universally applicable
The pre-existing body of authoritative legal materials already contains a uniquely pre-determined right answer to any legal problem that may arise. |
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holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate basis for any judgment about the rightness of that conduct. Thus, from a consequentialist standpoint, a morally right act (or omission) is one that will produce a good outcome, or consequence |
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An ethical theory holding that the proper course of action is the one that maximizes the overall "happiness"
Greatest Good for the Greatest Number of People
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• “Right” or “Wrong” based solely on the opinion of an individual or group.
• Often results in cultural relativism since the culture is the group that establishes norms.
• Sometimes more narrow: Nothing further can be verified therefore “Right” and “Wrong” are relative to the person making the decision. |
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| one can determine the right course of action by weighing up the good and the necessary evil caused by the action. As a result, this approach aims to choose the lesser of evils. |
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| Reasoning used to resolve moral problems by applying theoretical rules to particular instances, and by extracting or extending theoretical rules from (novel) particular instances. |
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The theory which holds that human persons discover right and wrong (verify ethical judgments) by examining, individually and collectively, in light of reason and life experience, the emergent order of creation as God is creating it.
a rule of reason, promulgated by God in man’s nature, whereby man can discern how he should act. |
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Term
5 basic inclinations of Man
(According to Aquinas) |
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Definition
1. To seek the good, including the highest good: Eternal happiness with God
2. To preserve himself in existence
3. To preserve the species (to unite sexually)
4. To live in community with other men
5. To use his intellect and will – To make decisions and know the truth. |
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| One's best judgment, in a given situation, on what here and now is to be done as good, or to be avoided as evil. |
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| Cycle of how Virtue is built |
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Definition
Modes of Responsibility Shape Choices of a good person Shape the whole person.
• The integral self as a person is marked by dispositions that lead to a fulfillment of the modes of responsibility. As a virtue is perfected, the norm it embodies is fulfilled without a conscious decision to do so. Thus, people who love God perfectly may do as they please, because nothing will please them other than God’s will. |
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| The virtue by which we believe in God and all that he has revealed to us. By faith, persons commit fully to God, seeking to know him and his will. It permits persons to grow to their full potential in the light of transcendent knowledge. |
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| This is the virtue y which we desire the kingdom of heaven and the happiness of eternal life by placing our trust in Christ’s promises. It is our assurance of our relationship with God and the attainment of salvation and heaven. It keeps us from discouragement and despair even in the midst of suffering. |
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| The virtue by which we love God above all else and love our neighbor as ourselves because of our love for God. Jesus makes charity the new commandment. It is a fruit of the Spirit and the fullness of the Law. The practice of all the virtues is animated by charity; it is the form of the virtues, ordering them, and is the source and goal of their Christian practice. Charity purifies our human ability to love and raises it to the supernatural perfection of divine love. |
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| Prudence, Justice, Fortitude & Temperance |
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This is the virtue that disposes practical reason to discern our true good in every circumstance and to choose the right means of achieving it.
Right reason in action. |
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This is the moral virtue that consists in the constant and firm will to give due to God and neighbor.
It is the habitual right thinking and the uprightness of his conduct toward his neighbor |
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| This is the moral virtue that ensures firmness in difficulties and constancy in the pursuit of the good. It strengthens the resolve to resist temptations and to overcome obstacles in the moral life; it enables one to conquer fear, even fear of death, and to face trials and persecutions. It disposes one even to renounce and sacrifice his life in defense of a just cause. |
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| This is the moral virtue that moderates the attraction of pleasures and provides balance in the use of created goods. It ensures the will’s mastery over instincts and keeps desires within the limits of what is honorable. It directs the sensitive appetites toward what is good and maintains a healthy discretion. In the NT it is called ‘moderation’ or ‘sobriety.’ |
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| The moral system which holds that, when there is question solely of the lawfulness or unlawfulness of an action, it is permissible to follow a solidly probable opinion in favor of liberty even though the opposing view is more probable. |
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| The Principle of Double Effect |
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Definition
| A rule of conduct frequently used in moral theology to determine when a person may lawfully perform an action from which two effects will follow, one bad, and the other good. |
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| The Principle of Totality (Integrity) |
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Definition
An individual cannot dispose of their organs or destroy their capacity unless it is for the greater good of the entire body
We have a duty to preserve the integrity of our bodies |
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Pope Leo XIII response to the injustices created in the Industrial Revolution in 1891.
The Church's 1st formal teaching on Social Doctrine |
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Suffering worker (salaried workers currently in poor working conditions)
Property for worker (right to property)
Role of State (not totalitarian)
Living wage (be able to make enough to support family)
Right to organize
Collaboration rather than class struggle (rich had obligation to poor)
Role of the Church- promote common good and dignity of the person |
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| 5 Results of Rerum Novarum |
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Definition
* Began the Churches stand toward modern political throught and capitalism
* Legitimized Trade unions
* Served as Guidance for Social Activism
* Recognized poor & suffering
* Recognized that human labor is not a commodity. |
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| John Murray’s 4 governing principles |
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Definition
1. Distinction between sacred and secular (church and state)
2. Distinction between society and state
3. Distinction between common good and public order
4. Freedom under law |
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| The Declaration on Religious Freedom: spells out the Church's support for the protection of religious liberty. More controversially, it set the ground rules by which the Church would relate to secular states |
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| When it comes to acts of war or agression, this theory a) clarifies when force can be used b) limits force c) restrains damage done by military |
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| Injustice suffered by one party must significantly outweigh that suffered by the other |
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| Elements of Just War Theory |
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| Just Cause, comparative Justice, Legitimate Authority, Right Intention, Probability of Success, Proportionality, Last Resort |
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| Granted only to correct grave public evil. |
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| Good achieved must outweigh the overall expected destruction |
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| John XXIII Document, first document addressing peace and war |
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| Enclylical by Paul VI, stating that just development and solidarity are prerequisites for world peace |
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| All men and women strive to build social justice structures for all of humanity |
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| Response to nuclear proliferation and cold war; addressed all people of good will, called for peace and human dignity. |
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| 1966; the starting point for everything in this document is the dignity of the human person and the need to social structure to service all people; teaches on culture, economics, marriage, family, politics, etc |
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| JPII, 1991; reemphasizes that God should be recognized in each human person; recognizes the value of democracy and free economy and promotes social solidarity |
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| 1967, Paul VI, promoted international social justice by established the Pontifical Commission to stimulate Catholic communities to promote progress in needy regions |
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1971, Paul VI, affirmed inadequacy of post industrial idealgoies to address: -urbaniziation
-challenges for young people and women
-unemployed
-discrimination
-population growth
-ecological concerns
-immigration |
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| Role of religious discourse in the public square |
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Definition
| The proper role of religious belief in a pluralistic society must be based on the pursuit of truth and in respect for the other in an atmosphere of freedom. |
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| a theory that there is more than one basic substance or principle. since Vatican II, there has been an acknowledgement of valid pluralism in Roman Catholic thought. |
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• Aristotle: a fetus becomes a human person when it is fully formed so as to be apt material for the infusion of a human soul
• Augustine: it takes 46 days of gestation for ensoulment
• Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, held that ensoulment did not happen at conception, but at a later time: 40 days for the male, 90 days for the female
• Official Catholic Church magisterium teaching maintains that since it is not possible to discover the precise moment of ensoulment, |
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| Extra-Corporeal Fertilization |
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Definition
•The Church has spoken against THIS because:
A. It separates the unitive and procreative aspects of intercourse.
B. Oftentimes many more fertilized eggs are produced than needed and this could lead to the destruction of life.
C. When used for surrogate motherhood it goes against the dignity of the mother carrying the child because her body is being used to provide a service, an incubator for another’s child. |
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•The Church opposes THIS because:
A. It devalues the person who is cloned
B. This model of reproduction is asexual and therefore unnatural
C. This model is contrary to human dignity
D. This model violates the rights of the child to know both mother and father
E. The soul cannot be cloned.
F. Cloning for research using embryonic stem cells has been decried because it creates life in order to destroy it. |
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| 5 Conditions in which it would be acceptable to remove or withhold Life-Support |
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Definition
• If a person can no longer perform acts that will serve the ultimate end of human life, union with God
• Physical life has more burden than benefit, is dangerous, or disproportionate to the expected outcome
• If the treatment is ineffective
• If the decision to forego aggressive treatment is an expression of the respect due to the patient at every moment
• If the intention of the act is simply “letting die” and not euthanasia |
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| Refers to criteria used to determine that a person has indeed died when the usual criteria (cessation of both breathing and heartbeat) are not available because heart and lung function are being forced by machines. |
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| Criteria for Living to Living Organ Donations |
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Definition
A. There exists a serious need on the part of the patient that cannot be fulfilled any other way
B. The functional integrity of the donor as a human person is not impaired
C. The risk taken by the donor is proportionate to the good resulting for the recipient
D. There exists free and informed consent on the part of both donor and recipient |
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