Term
| What are two methods for measuring stressors/stress levels |
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Definition
1) Checklists
2) Interviews |
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Term
| Famous researcher describing Stress? How was it described? |
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Definition
Lazarus and Folkman (1984) "Psychological stress involves a particular relationship between the persona and the environment that is appraised by the person as taxing or exceeding his or her resources and endangering his or her well being."
1) Appraising as dangerous, beyond capacity
2) Endangering well being |
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Term
| Pros and cons of stress checklists |
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Definition
Pros = Checklists are relatively easy to administer and allow investigators to collect data on large samples, thus increasing statistical power to detect associations.
Cons = The degree to which stressor checklists actually assess objective threats is unclear. They also do not require respondents to provide information about the date or occurrence or timing of the events. They also fail to distinguish between stressors that are independent of behavior. |
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Term
| Pros and cons of stress interview |
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Definition
Pros = More intensive, allowing for specific details to be ask.
Cons = They require increased time demands and person power. Beyond concerns about cost-effectiveness, interviews have been criticized as less likely to elicit information that may be embarrassing or have potential negative consequences if reported. |
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Term
| Give an overview of stress-diathesis models. |
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Definition
| All people have some level of predisposing factors (diatheses) for any given mental disorder. However, individuals have their own point at which they will develop a given disorder, a point that depends on the interaction between the degree to which these risk factors exist and the degree of stress experienced by the individual. |
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Term
| What is the addictive model? |
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Definition
| Many models suggest that whether or not a disorder will develop depends on the combined effects of stress and the loading of the diathesis. |
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Term
| What is the ipsative model? |
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Definition
| Posits an inverse relationship between factors such that the greater the presence of one factor, the less of the other factor that is needed o bring about the disorder. |
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Term
| What is the Mega Diathesis-Stress Models? |
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Definition
| Disorder results from the combination of significant life stress and a heightened vulnerability. BOTH events must be significant, that is you need a engrained depressogenic schema and a substantial life event. “Go big or go home to normality J” |
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Term
| What is the Interactive Model With Dichotomous Diathesis? |
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Definition
| One either has the diathesis or does not; if the diathesis is absent, there is no effect for stress. Hence, even severe stress will not lead to the development of the disorder. On the other hand, when the diathesis is present, the expression of disorder will be conditional on the degree of stress. |
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Term
| What are Quasi-Continuous Diathesis Models? |
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Definition
| There can be varying degrees of diathesis, beyond a yes or no. In these models, the probability of disorder increases as a function of both level of stress and the strength of the diathesis beyond a minimal level. |
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Term
| What are threshold models? |
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Definition
| The synergism between the diathesis and stress yields an effect beyond their combined separate effects. Example: Zubin and Spring (1977), every person has a degree of vulnerability that represents a threshold for the development of schizophrenia. |
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Term
| What are Risk-Resilience Continuum Models? |
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Definition
| Resilience can be thought of as factors that make a person resistant to deleterious effects of stressors. Resilience and vulnerability represent, therefore, opposite ends of a vulnerability continuum. |
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Term
| ADHD persists in through adulthood in how many people? Who's study? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the social information-processing model? And who proposed it? |
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Definition
A child's behavioral response to a problematic social stimulus is a function of five steps of processing: encoding of social cues, interpretation of social cues, response search, response evaluation, and enactment. AGGRESSION WILL BEGET AGGRESSION
(Crick & Dodge - 1994) |
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Term
| What is the scar hypothesis? Who proposed it? |
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Definition
| Episodes of depression may lead to lasting psychological changes, such as increasingly negative attributional styles. (Rohde, 1990) |
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Term
| What are interpersonal beliefs? What are interpersonal behaviors? What is the difference between the two? |
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Definition
Interpersonal beliefs: Are cognitions that involve the relation between self and others, how we think about our world and how we plan to act in it.
Interpersonal behaviors: The ways individuals attempt to communicate with one another, including verbalizations as well as nonverbal behaviors such as tone of voice, eye contact, rate of speech, posture and gestures. |
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Term
| What is self-discrepancy theory? Who proposed it? |
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Definition
There is a discrepancy between what are vs. what “should” be Major disorder that can result from these discrepancies includes eating disorders.
(Higgins, 1987) |
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Term
| What are some examples of Self-Propagatory Processes? |
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Definition
Coyne (1976) interpersonal characterization of depression
stress generation, involving an active contribution to the occurrence of negative life events in one's life. |
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Term
| What is the relationship between heritability and age? |
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Definition
| In general it would appear that hertiability estimates increase with age, whereas estimates for the influence of the shared environment decreases. Increasing heritability estimates with age are consistent with a genetic explanation for the increase in prevalence rates during adolescence. |
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Term
| What percentage of children with ADHD are comorbid for ODD and CD? |
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Definition
| About half of children with ADHD also meet diagnostic criteria for ODD or CD (Biederman, 1992). |
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Term
| What percentage of CD diagnoses go on to be ASPD? |
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Definition
| Approximately 25% of CD diagnoses lead to APD, and in fact part of the DSM-IV criteria for APD is a childhood diagnosis of CD, which is often determined retrospectively (Robins et al, 1991). |
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Term
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Definition
| A polymorphism for serotonin transporter that has been indicated in several studies |
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Term
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Definition
| They are dopamine receptors/transmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor - which metabolizes DA, NE and HTT |
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Term
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Definition
| It is involved with the breakdown of dopamine |
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Term
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Definition
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone - These help mediate the stress response |
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Term
| What is a notable 5-httlpr using animals? |
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Definition
| Noted aggression in monkeys (Barr, 2003) |
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Term
| What disorders has a DAT-1 polymorphism been linked to? |
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Definition
| Have been linked to temperament, PTSD, OCD, and ADHD, and also has a significant role in the limbic system. |
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Term
| What ADHD study was there with DAT1? |
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Definition
| DAT1 10-repeat allele shows risk for ADHD, children with ADHD with one copy of the 10-repeat allele showed poorer performance on a vigilance task (Loo, 2003). |
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Term
| What significant study focused on MAOA? |
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Definition
| (Caspi et al., 2002) - a significant interaction between MAOA and childhood maltreatment in predicting aggression. |
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Term
| What is the famous COMT cognitive study? |
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Definition
| Plays an important role in prefrontal function and executive cognitive, where met/met performed best, val/met in the middle, and val/val the worst (Egan, 2001). |
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Term
| What important study linked stress and temperament using CRH? |
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Definition
| CRH is associated with temperament, and behavioral inhibition. Smoller (2003) reported the first evidence of a significant association between behavioral inhibition and a genetic marker in linkage disequilibrium. |
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Term
| What childhood disorder had the highest, on average, heritability value? |
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Definition
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Term
| Negative affect in toddlers have been shown to predict aggressive behaviors in middle childhood, and poor behaviors in early life are associated with later delinquency, according to whom? |
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Definition
| Individuals engaging in life-course-persistent delinquency show greater disinhibition in adolescence and higher levels of negative emotions in childhood (Moffitt, 1996). |
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Term
| What is behavioral inhibition and why is it important? |
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Definition
| Behavioral inhibition has been studied extensively in relation to the development of anxiety disorders, and tends to include shy-withdrawn behaviors and fearful-anxious behaviors. BI is an important factor for identifying later psychopathology (Hirshfeld-Becker, 2003). |
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Term
| What is attachment theory and who proposed it? |
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Definition
| Attachment theory is based on the notion that children will feel secure in their relationship with their parent to the extent that the parent provides consistent, warm, and sensitive care. When this happens, children learn to use the parent as a secure base, that is, they are willing to turn to the parent in times of need, the parent is available and responsive, and they are able to be comforted by the parent in a way that allows them to feel better and to return to other activities. BOWLBY!!! |
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Term
| What is Mary Ainsworth famous for? |
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Definition
| Mary Ainsworth developed the strange situation procedure. This procedure involves separating children from their parents and then observing how the chidlren respond when reunited with the parents. |
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Term
| What are the three/four types of responses in the strange situation procedure? |
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Definition
In this procedure, children exhibited three primary set of strategies: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent-resistant.
Disorganized has since been added |
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Term
| What disorders are associated with attachment theory? |
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Definition
| Depression, anxiety, eating disorders, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder |
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Term
| What two personality characteristics are associated with attachment theory? |
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Definition
| Affective regulation, social skills |
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Term
| What is behavioral inhibition? |
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Definition
| Behavioral inhibition refers to a pattern of behavior involving withdrawal, avoidance, fear of the unfamiliar, and over-arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Behavioral inhibition typically appears as a temperamental predisposition found in childhood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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Term
| What was adaptive has become maladaptive |
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Definition
Perry, 1994
In reference to the HPA axis |
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Term
| What is Evan's definition of allostatic load? |
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Definition
| is a complex, dynamic system of physiological changes in multiple systems created by responses to environmental demands that are modulated by prior experience with stressors, genetic predisposition, and lifestyle choices |
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Term
| Who is the researcher who studied parenting styles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four parenting styles? Who proposed it? |
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Definition
| Authoritative, Authoritarian, Neglectful, Indulgent |
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Term
| What two domains are important in different parenting styles |
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Definition
| Responsiveness and Demanding |
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Term
| Authoritarian parenting can lead to what disorder, says who? |
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Definition
| Antisocial personality disorder, (Patterson, 1990) |
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Term
| Neglectful parenting styles can result in what two things? |
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Definition
Poor academic success (Aunola, 2000)
Higher psychopathology (Offord, 1996) |
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Term
| Peer rejection leading to future psychopathology? |
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Definition
(Asher, 1990)
(Dodge, 2003)
externalizing behaviors |
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