Term
| What is the medical treatment for a toxic level of acetaminophen? |
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Definition
| Acetylcysteine (Mucomist.) |
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Term
| What is the best method for giving a toddler Mucomist? |
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Definition
| In carbonated beverages or juice. Aclternately, it can be given in an NG tube. |
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Term
| Why is acetaminophen poisoning so common today? |
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Definition
| People use it in many different forms...it is the med of choice for childhood fevers, and it is in many different products. |
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Term
| What are three examples of corrosives? What are three examples of hydrocarbons? |
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Definition
Corrosives- batteries, toilet bowl cleaner, lye
Hydrocarbons-kerosene, furniture polish, paint thinner |
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Term
| Why is emesis contraindicated for ingestion of hydrocarbons and corrosives? |
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Definition
| Because they cause tissue damage when they are coming back up. (They also cause pharyngeal edema and may further narrow and obstuct an airway w/in 20 minutes.) |
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Term
| What are indications for syrup of Ipecac? |
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Definition
| It should not be used as it has not been shown to improve outcomes and may be overdosed. Activated charcoal is preferred (and given in the hospital.) |
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Term
| What drugs and procedures are used to minimize poison absorption? |
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Definition
| Stomach pumping, activated charcoal, do not neutralize(?) monitor/maintain airway, keep poison control on the phone. |
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Term
| What environmental and sociological factors lead to lead poisoning? |
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Definition
| Lead in toys, pipes, paint, dirt, dust...parents uneducated about dangers, unable to move or fix home...hand/mouth behavior in small children, cultural remedies |
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Term
| What does chelation therapy do? |
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Definition
| Chelation therapy uses EDTA or BAL (preferable IV) that binds to heavy metals in blood and makes it possible to remove it from the body. It is given for levels higher than 45 mg/dl. |
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Term
| What are side-effects of chelationg therapy? |
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Definition
| Pain at site, burning, nephrotoxicity |
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Term
| What are the six stages of bone healing? |
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Definition
1)Hematoma and inflammation
2)Angiogenesis and Cartilage formation
3)Cartilage calcification
4)Cartilage Removal
5)Bone Formation
6)Remodling |
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Term
Define (fractures:)
1)simple
2)closed
3)open
4)compound
5)extracapsular
6)intracapular
7)comminuted
8)incomplete-green stick |
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Definition
1)uncomplicated fracture in which bones do not pierce skin
2)Fracture in which skin is intact
3)Fracture in which skin over fracture is broken
4)Fracture in which bone pierces through skin
5)a fracture near a joint, but outside of the line of attachment of the joint capsule
6)a fracture near a joint and within the line of insertion of the joint capsule.
7)fracture in which the bone is broken into more than two fragments.
8)a fracture in which the line of fracture does not completely traverse the bone |
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Term
Define (fractures:)
1)pathological or spontaneous
2)traumatic
3)impacted
4)complete
5)complicated
6)epiphyseal separation (fracture)
7)Colles fracture
8)Volkmann's Ischemia |
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Definition
1)a fracture occurring without any obvious external injury (ie osteoporosis)
2)fracture caused by injury
3)fracture in which one of the fragments is driven into the cancellous bone of the other fragment.
4)Fracture completely traverses bone
5)fracture of the bone combined with the injury of some artery, nerve, or joint.
6)fracture involving the epiphyseal plate of a long bone, which causes separation or fragmentation of the plate
7)distal fracture of the radius in the forearm with dorsal (posterior) displacement of the wrist and hand.
8)permanent flexion contracture of the hand at the wrist, resulting in a claw-like deformity of the hand caused by fracture of upper arm/elbow |
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Term
Define (associated injuries:)
1)contusion
2)eccyhmosis
3)hematoma
4)sprain
5)dislocation |
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Definition
1)Damage to soft tisse, SQ tissue, and muscle
2)Escape of blood into tissue (bruising)
3)Localized collectionof blood outside a blood vessel
4)Rapid onset, injury to ligaments or muscle fibers around joint
5)Stress on ligament displaces normal bone position at end |
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Term
Define (associated injuries:)
1)strain
2)avulsion
3)subluxation
4)avacular necrosis (AVN) |
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Definition
1)Gradual injury, microscopic tear to musculotedinous unit (1st, 2nd, 3rd degree)
2)Avulsion- piece of bone is ripped away
3)subluxation- partial dislocation of a joint
4)avascular necrosis- cellular death of bone cause by disruption of blood supply |
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Term
Define:
1)open fixation
2)closed fixation
3)internal fixation
4)delayed union
5)non union
6)osteomyelitis |
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Definition
1)Open (surgical) repair of a fracture
2)Repair of a fracture without an open incision
3)Fracture fixed internall by pins, screws, etc
4)Failure of union of fx to happen in timely manner
5)broken bone fails to heal
6)bone infection |
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Term
Define:
1)Crepitus
2)arthroscopy
3)tomogram
4)bone scan
5)myelogram |
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Definition
1)creaking noise in bones- scraping
2)Surgery to examine/repair joint
3)two-dimensional sectional image of something (CT)
4)Radioactive material inject, image of bone
5)x-ray of bones of spine utilizing contrast to visualize cord and nerve roots |
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Term
| Describe the first stage of bone healing/ |
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Definition
| Hematoma and inflammation- D/T torn vessels, blood fills area as a hematoma. (Removed by phagocyte in a few days.) P 24H, blood supply @site increases. New capillaries grow into clot. As blood clots, fibrin forms around fracture site and protects and provides a place for new caps and fibroblasts to attach and grow. (Fibroblasts are connective tissue cells believed to be responsible for formation of fibers which grow between cells.) |
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Term
| Describe the 2nd stage of bone healing. |
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Definition
| Angiogenesis and cartilage formation- The hematoma is replaced by granulation tissue. Fibroblasts from surrounding tissues (endosteum, periosteum) enter outside of clot. They form soft tissue callus. This network is DIFFERENT than most tissue repair as it is NOT absorbed but continues as part of the healing. |
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Term
| Describe the 3rd stage of bone healing. |
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Definition
| Callus formation- cartilage calcification: 6-10 days after injury, soft callus is filled with bony matrix (from periosteum/endosteum) and newly formed cartilage. This loosely woven mass of bone/cartilage will grow wider than normal diameter of bone that serves as a temporary splint to hold fragments together (but will not hold up to strain or WB.) |
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Term
| Describe the 4th stage of bone healing. |
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Definition
| Cartilage removal- The calcified cartilage is invaded by blood vessels and is reabsorbed by chondro/osteoblasts. It is replace by woven bone. |
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Term
| Describe the 5th stage of bone healing. |
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Definition
| Ossification-formation of rigid permanent bone: Calcium salts gradually deposit into the callus to form bone which holds fracture together. This happens btwn 3rd and 10th week after injury, and healing is complete. Fxs heal more quickly in children, WB bones heal slower than NWB bones, larger bones heal slower than smaller, dense with less blood supply slower than those more vascular. |
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Term
| Describe the 6th stage of bone healing. |
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Definition
| Consolidation and remodeling: Reorganization of new bone into original structure may take months or years. Excess bone from callus is removed and absorbed by osteoblasts/clasts. |
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Term
| Why do nurses need to understand child development? |
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Definition
| Parents often ask what to expect; this is also a good time to assess G&D and supply guidance on the topic. |
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Term
| Describe Freud's 5 phases of G&D. |
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Definition
1)Infant- oral phase- derives pleasure, stress release, and nutrition from sucking.
2)Toddler- anal phase- focused on elimination/toilet training
3)Preschool- phallic phase- exhibitionism common
4)School-age- latent phase- libido is diverted into concrete thinking
5)Adolescent- genital phase- finds new love object |
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Term
| What factors can influence growth and development? |
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Definition
Genetices- gender, health, intelligence
Nutrition, temperament, environment |
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Term
| Describe Erikson's four stages of childhood. |
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Definition
1)Infancy- trust v mistrust- devlop trusting, loving bond with caregivers
2)Toddler- autonomy v shame and doubt- becomed independent and make decisions
3)Preschooler- initiative v. guilt- learns how to do things and that doing things is desirable
4)School-age- industry v. inferiority- learns how to do things well |
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Term
| Describe Piaget's concepts of preschoolers: centering, conservation, assimilation, egocentrism, magical thinking, |
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Definition
| centering:seeing only one characteritic of an object; conservation:ability to discern truth even though physical properties change (tall skinny glass v. short fat glass) preschoolers lack this; egocentrism:self is more important than others; assimilation:taking in ideas and changing them to fit their preexisting ideas; "magical thinking:" animals and inanimate objects are capable of thoughts and feelings |
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Term
According to Piaget, when do the following occur?
Sensorimotor stage?
Preoperational thought?
Concrete operations?
Formal operations? |
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Definition
Sensorimotor-0-2 years
Preoperational thought- 2-7 years
Concrete operations- 7-11 years
formal operations- >11 years |
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Term
When do infants turn back to front? When do they turn both ways?
When does separation anxiety begin? When does walking being? When do they have two words? |
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Definition
| Back to front=5 months, Both ways =6 months. Separation anxiety begins at 8 months. Walking begins at 12 months, Two words at 12 months. |
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Term
| How can a nurse promote trust with infants? How can they promote safety? |
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Definition
| Establish a loose schedule & have one person give the majority of care.Teach parents to prevent aspiration, falls, and car accidents. Promote safety with siblings and pets. Teach about childproofing and bathing safety. |
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