Term
| What are the average height and weight changes from birth to one year? |
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Definition
Height- 50% growth in 1 year (ex. 20" to 30")
Weight- birth weight doubled by 6 mo, tripled by 1 year |
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Term
| What is Erikson's task during infancy? What parental/nursing behaviors promote a sense of trust? |
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Definition
(To develop) Trust v. mistrust.
Parents/nurses should provide soft sounds, touch, visual stimulation, meet child's needs. |
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Term
Define object permanence.
When does object permanence develop? |
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Definition
| Object permanence is when a child understands that something out of sight is not necessarily gone. This develops between 8 and 12 months. |
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Term
When does crude pincer grasp develop?
When does neat pincer grasp develop?
How does pincer grasp affect infant safety needs? |
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Definition
Neat pincer grasp develops around 10 months.
Crude pincer grasp develops around 8-9 months.
Children who have developed pincer grasp are more likely to suffer from ingestion accidents such as choking or poisoning. |
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Term
| What are some common causes of injury during the infancy period? |
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Definition
| Accidents- falls, drowning, suffocation, animal bites, poisoning, burns. |
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Term
| When are solid foods intoduced to infants? |
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Definition
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Term
| Breastmilk meets infants' nutritional needs up to what time? What is present in the saliva after that time? |
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Definition
| Breast milk is adequate up to about 6 months. Amylas and lipase are present in saliva after that time. |
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Term
| What is the average age of emergence of the first tooth? How should parents care for teeth? |
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Definition
| 6-10 months. Parents should be instructed to clean with a soft cloth 1-2 times a day. They should supplement with fluoride if it is not in the water, and they should take the baby for a check-up starting at 1 year. |
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Term
| At what age can an infant sit unsupported? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age does stranger anxiety begin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average height and weight gain per year during the toddler period? |
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Definition
Height- gain of 5" per year
Weight- gain of 5# per year
(2 word sentences by age 2.) |
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Term
| At what age should toilet training begin? What are signs of readiness? |
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Definition
| Training should being at 2-3 years. Signs of readiness include disliking wet diapers, bringing clean diapers to parent. The child must walk well, be able to control sphincters, understand the concept, and have a desire to delay gratification. |
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Term
| What are the nutritional needs of the toddler in terms of recommended serving sizez of each food group per meal? What is physiologic anorexia during the toddler period? |
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Definition
Toddlers need 1000-1400 calories/day, with fat restricted after age two. Servings should be about 1 tablespoon only.
Physiologic anorexia= Growth has decreased, so hunger has decreased. |
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Term
| What parental instructions would you use to promote nutritional intake during the toddler period? |
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Definition
| Offer a variety of nutritious foods, offer finger foods, make portions small, parents should show children that they eat those foods themselves (children of this age love to imitate parents.) |
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Term
| What parental instruction should a nurse give regarding management of temper tantrums? What developmental limitation contribute to tantrums? |
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Definition
| Don't: bribe, punish, mimic. Determine why they are having a tantrum. Be sure it IS a tantrum and not a medical problem. Children often have tantrums because of their limited vocabulary and ability to express themselves. Tell them you disapprove and the ignore it. |
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Term
| What is discipline? When should a parent begin to discipline a child? What are effective discipline techniques for a toddler? |
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Definition
| Discipline is the setting of rules for children. Parents should begin discplining children early. Effective techniques include giving one warning and then a time-out. |
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Term
| What type of play is characteristic of the toddler period? |
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Definition
| Toddlers engage in parallel play- they are very active, but they play beside other children, not exactly with them. |
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Term
| What is Erikson's task for the toddler period? How can parents and nurses help toddler's develop autonomy? |
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Definition
| Autonomy vs. shame and doubt. Adults can help toddler's develop autonmy by giving them tasks that they can complete. |
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Term
| List common causes of injury during the toddler period? |
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Definition
| Accidents- poisoning, burn, falls, drowning, MVA |
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Term
| Describe ritualism in the toddler period. |
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Definition
| Ritualism is when a child will only do things in a certain way. It may be an indication that they need more limits. |
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Term
| What is the average height and weight gain during the preschool period? |
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Definition
Height- 2-3.5"
Weight- 4.5# |
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Term
| What are the changes in language skill from 3-5 years of age? |
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Definition
| Children in this stage have around 900 words, they ask many questions, and tey are very egocentric, as in "What I use to brush my teeth is a toothbrush." |
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Term
| Discuss common fears furing the preschool years and parental guidance to manage these fears. |
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Definition
Fear of dark, mutilation, abandonment.
Screen out scary stories or tv, provide nightlight, reassure child. Explaine nursing procedures including their limitations. Teach parents to be sensitive to fear of abandonment and prepare them for new experiences. |
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Term
| What type of play is common in the preschool period? How can parents/nurses help promote achievement of that task? |
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Definition
Initiative vs. guilt- to develop a conscience.
Adults should expose children to many play materials. |
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Term
| What is the average height and weight gain during the school-age years? |
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Definition
Height- 1-2"/year
Weight- 3-5#/year |
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Term
| What group is an important socializing agent for the school-age child? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of play is characterisitic of the school-age child? |
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Definition
| Rough then quiter with more props. Also, collecting, music, and art. |
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Term
| What is Erikson's task for the school-age child? |
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Definition
| Industry v. inferiority- learning how to do things well. |
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Term
Define:
1)leukocytosis
2)"itis"
3)ecchymosis
4)gangrenous
5)serosanguineous
6)purulent
7)slough |
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Definition
1)Elevated WBCs- indicative of infection
2)Inflammation
3)Bruising
4)Necrosis of soft tissue
5)Drainage that is bloody with serous fluid
6)Puss-filled drainage
7)Layer of dead tissue separate from living |
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Term
Define:
1)Exudate
2)"stab wound"
3)Serous
4)granulation tissue
5)dehisence
6)"osis"
7)Evisceration |
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Definition
1)Fluid that exudes from a wound
2)Dirty, unintentional, puncture
3)Fluid portion of blood (clear serum)
4)Newly formed healing tissue around wound
5)Unintentional reopening of a wound
6)Having a condition of
7)Abdominal contents coming out a wound |
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Term
| What are local and systemic signs of wound infection? |
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Definition
Local- redness, swelling, heat, pain
Systemic- fever, leukocytosis, |
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Term
| Compare and contrast effects on wound healing of hydrocolloid dressings, transparent films, calcium alginate, and gauze dressings. |
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Definition
Hydrocolloid- change every 3-7 days, absorbs drainage, keeps moist, for shallow to moderate depth- acts as temp. skin, concentrates drainage and odor in one area, used for S12,3,4 pressure wounds (ex duoderm.)
Transparent films- used on S1 wounds, protects small, superficial wounds, changed q 1-3 days, for minimal drainage (ex tegaderm)
calcium alginate- absorbs exudate, maintains moisture, good for infected wounds (ex sorbsan)
Gauze- can be moistened with saline to keep surface moist, for chronic wound/pressure ulcer, has to be changed before it dries out. |
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Term
What is healing by first intention?
Second intention?
Third intention? |
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Definition
1st intention=well approximated
2nd intention=not well approximated
3rd intention=not closed |
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Term
| Why is the use of a waterproof shield discouraged on a draining wound? |
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Definition
| A waterproof shield will hold in bacteria and a breeding ground for the bacteria. |
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Term
| List four ways to secure a dressing to a wound. |
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Definition
| Tape, ace wraps, montgomery straps, gauze wrap. |
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Term
| Why should a dressing be changed when itis visibly wet? |
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Definition
| Because moisture wicks (capillary action) and bacteria can wick with it. |
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Term
| What is reinforcing a dressing? Why would you do it? |
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Definition
| Reinforcing is putting more gauze on top of a dressing without removing it. It should be done when a patient is draining profusely and the doctor needs to remove the first dressing. |
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Term
| How would you decide what kind of dressing is best for a granulating wound with necrotic edges? A wound with purulent material? A wound draining copious serosanguineous material? |
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Definition
| Follow MD orders, but...necrotic edges would do best with hydrocolloid dressing, purulent wounds with calcium alginate dressings, and draining wounds with absorbent (tegasorb) |
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Term
| When would a wound vac be used? |
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Definition
| A wound vac would be used when a wound is open/draining and the dead space needs to be lessened. |
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Term
| Why might a wound be irrigated? |
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Definition
| A wound would be irrigated to clean out dead material and bacteria. |
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Term
| What type of solutions would be used to irrigate a wound? What equipment? |
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Definition
| Saline, sterile water, steril gloves, sterile basin, sterile gauze, sterile tweezers. |
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Term
What is the purpose of a wet dressing? Why might a wet dressing be used?
What considerations are important when packing a wound? |
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Definition
| Wounds that are protected with wet dressings tend to heal better. Packing considerations include the type and amount of packing to be used. |
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Term
| List the clinical manifestations of acetaminophen poisoning in children? |
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Definition
Initial period- 2-4 hours- anorexia, nausea, vomiting, pallor, sweating, increase ALT/AST
Latent period- 24-36H- slight improvement
After 36H- major hepatic involvement- RUQ pain, guarding, jaundice, confusion, coag abnormalities (bleeding, bruising) inc. bilirubin |
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Term
| List the clinical manifestations of lead poisoning in children? |
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Definition
| Constipation, headace, fever, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, brain effects. (Low dose exposure= hyperactivity, dec. attention span, learning difficulties, lethargy, irritability. High dose exposure- lead encephalopathy=seizures, coma, blindness, death.) |
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Term
| What is the emergency treatment and nursing management of a child who has ingested poison? |
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Definition
| Maintain airway, get history, administer meds per order, educate parents, |
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Term
| What are 3 contraindications for inducing vomiting for a person with poisoning. |
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Definition
| When the person has ingest a hydrocarbon, a corrosive, or an unknown poison. |
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Term
| What could you teach a parent to prevent poisoning? What community resources could you refer a parent of a child with lead poisoning to? |
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Definition
| Parents should be supported and taught to lock meds, never let children see them take meds, never treat meds as candy,appropriate child dosages, to carefully track meds given, and to keep meds out of a child's reach Children with lead poisoning should be referred to the local health department, social services, VNA, home care, and poison control. |
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Term
| What developmental factors account for poisoning during the toddler/preschool years? |
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Definition
| Increased mobility, limited cognition of danger, curiosity, sense of autonomy (Erikson stage,) being in the oral fixation stage, and desire to imitate adults. |
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Term
| What are five of the most frequently ingested poisons found in most homes? |
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Definition
| Cleaners, cosmetics, plants, corrosives, medications (apap, asa, vitamins, iron.) |
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