Term
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Definition
- neurogenic speech disorder
- characterized by sensorimotor problems in positioning and sequentially moving muscles for the volitional production of speech
- primarily an articulatory-phonologic disorder
Note: etiology & characteristics differ from childhood form (CAS)
- NOT caused by muscle weakness or neuromuscular slowness
- thought to be caused by a disorder of motor programming for speech
- should NOT affect language skills as it is a disorder of motor programming for speech, however, AOS and Aphasia may co-exist
> most commonly with Broca's aphasia |
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Term
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Definition
basic disorder of volitional movement in the absence of muscle weakness, paralysis, or fatigue
- AOS is a special case of apraxia |
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Term
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Definition
- disorder of nonverbal movement involving the oral muscles
- frequently associated with AOS |
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Term
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Definition
- injury/damage to speech motor programming areas of the brain (i.e., Broca's, SMA)
- degenerative neural diseases (Alzheimer's, MS, primary progressive aphasia)
- L-hemi trauma, surgical trauma, tumors in the L-hemi, & seizure disorders |
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Term
| Communication Deficits in AOS |
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Definition
- general awareness of speech prob
- may reduce rate to compensate
- Speech programming & production errors are dominant symptoms:
> probs with volitional speech
> unaffected automatic speech
> high variability
> speech sound substitutions, distortions, omissions, voicing errors
> difficulty w/ C's > V's
> anticipatory substitutions
> postpositioing errors
> metathetic errors
> schwa insertion
> more probs with longer words
> trial-and-error groping
> more probs w/ WI sounds
> attempts at self-correction often unsuccessful
> Prosodic probs (including: slower rate, silent pauses btw words, impaired intonation, fluency probs) |
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Term
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Definition
- reflects problems in the nuclei, axons, or neuromuscular junctions that make up the motor units of the final common pathway
- LMN lesion - affects ipsi side
- Clinical characteristics: weakness, hyupotonia (reduced muscle tone), reduced reflexes, atrophy, fasciculations and fibrillations, and progressive weakness with use
- Phonatory incompetence: breathiness, short phrases, audible inspiration
- Resonatory incompetence: hypernasality, imprecise consonants, nasal emission, short phrases
- Phonatory-prosodic insufficiency: harsh voice, monoloudness, monopitch |
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Term
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Definition
- Produced by damage to the direct and indirect activation pathways of the CNS bilaterally
- Clinical Characteristics: Spasticity, weakness, reduced range of movement, and slowness of movement
- Patient complaints: speech is slow or effortful, fatigue with speaking need to speak more slowly to be understood, nasal speech, swallowing complaints, difficulty controlling their expression of emotion (pseudobulbar affect)
- deviant clusters of abnormal speech characteristics:
> prosodic excess: excess and equal stress; slow rate
> articulatory-resonatory incompetence: imprecise consonants, distorted vowels, hypernasality
> prosodic insufficiency: monopitc, monoloudness, reduced stress, short phrases
> phonatory stenosis: low pitch, harshness, strain-strangled voice, pitch breaks, short phrases, slow rate
- Primary distinguishing speech and speech-related findings:
> phonation: strained-strangled voice quality
> Articulation-Prosody: slow rate; slow and regular AMRs
> physical: dysphagia, drooling; weak face and tongue; pathological reflexes (suck, snut, jaw jerk), pseudobulbar affect |
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Term
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Definition
- associated with damage to the crebellar control circuit
- clinical characteristics of cerebellar lesions & ataxia:
> Stance and gait are usually broad-based with truncal instability
> Titubation: a rhythmic tremor of the body or head
> Nystagmus: abnomal eye movements - the rapid oscillation or jerkiness back and forth of the eyes at rest or with lateral or upward gaze
> Hypotonia
> Dysmetria: a disturbance in he trajectory of a boy part during movements or the inability to appropriately control range of mvmt - usually characterized by the overshooting or undershooting of targets and by abnormalities in speed
> Dysdiadochokinesis: a manifestation of decomposition of movements - errors in the sequence and speed of component parts of a movement, with a resultant lack of coordination
> Intention or kinetic tremor - apparent during movement or sustained postures
- Patient complaints: speech sounds slurred, sound like they are drunk, dramatic deterioration of speech with limited alcohol intake, unable to coordinate breathing with speaking, bit cheeks or tongue while talking
- irregular speech AMRs are a distinguishing characteristic
- deviant clusters of abnormal speech characteristics:
> articulatory inaccuracy: imprecise consonants, irregular articulatory breakdowns, distorted vowels
> prosodic excess: excess & equal stress, prolonged phonemes, prolonged intervals, slow rate
> Phonatory-prosodic insufficiency: harshness, monopitch, monoloudness
- Primary distinguishing speech and speech-related findings:
> phonation-respiration: excessive loudness variations
> articulation-prosody: irregular articualtory breakdowns, irregular AMRs, distorted vowels, excess and equal stress, prolonged phonemes
> physical dysmetric jaw, face, and tongue AMRs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria |
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Definition
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Term
| Unilateral Upper Motor Neuron Dysarthria |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- neurologically based speech disorders
> contrasted with similarly based Language disorders as aphasia
> contrasted with AOS which has NO muscle weakness or paralysis
- a group of speech-motor disorders resulting from impaired muscular control of the speech mechanism, involving peripheral or central nervous system pathology
- 7 different types: flaccid, spastic, ataxic,hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, mixed, unilateral upper motor neuron
- patients with dysarthria typically manifest problems in: respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody, and resonance
> these oral communication problems are caused by weakness, incoordination, or paralysis of speech musculature
Causes: degenerative neuroloical diseases (PD, Wilson's, progressive supranuclear palsy, dystonia, Huntington's, ALS, MS, myastenia gravis), nonprogressive neurological conditions (stroke, infections, TBI, surgicaltrauma, CP, Moebius syndrome, encephalitis, FAS)
Common lesion sites: LMN, unilateral or bilateral UMN, cerebellum, and thebasal ganglia (extrapyramidal system) |
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