Term
| Decreased Breast cancer risk |
|
Definition
Pregnancy at an early age
Late menarche, early menopause
High parity
Medications such as selective estrogen receptor modulators and possibly
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents and aspirin. |
|
|
Term
| Increased breast cancer Risk |
|
Definition
Fam Hx in 1st deg relative
Genetics (BRCA)
high estrogen: Obesity, early menarche, late menopause
Advanced age
Inc breast density
Exposure to DES |
|
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Term
| Breast self-exam reccomendations |
|
Definition
The United State Preventive Task
Service Force does not recommend breast self-exams.
CS also recommends that clinical breast exam (CBE)
should be part of a periodic health exam, about every 3 years for women in their
20s and 30s and every year for women 40 and over. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Early onset of intercourse
Greater number of lifetime sexual partners
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure
Cigarette smoking (4x increased risk)
Immunosuppression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Recommended for females ages 11 through 18. (insuff evidence for universal vacc of 19-26)
Gardasil: 6,11,16,18
Cervarix 16, 18, 31, 45 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Missed periods for 12 straight months. |
|
|
Term
| Perimenopause clinical features |
|
Definition
Hallmark = menstrual irregularity.
symptoms include: hot flashes, vaginal dryness,
change in libido, or mood swings.
ymptoms that are cause for concern: periods come very close
together, heavy bleeding or spotting, and periods lasting more than a week. |
|
|
Term
| Osteoporosis Risk factors |
|
Definition
Low estrogen states (Early menopause (before age 45 years), prolonged
premenopausal amenorrhea, and low weight and body mass index).
Lack of physical activity
Inadequate calcium intake
Family history of osteoporosis
History of previous osteoporotic fractures
Dementia
Cigarette smoking.
Caucasian race |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
USPSTF guideline recommends screening DEXA in all women 65 years
and older, as well as women 60 to 64 years of age who have increased fracture
risk. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decreases breast cancer mortality.
USPSTF:
screen <40 yrs if high risk (eg BRCA mutation)
40-50: Indiv decision
50-74: Biennial screening |
|
|
Term
| Cervical Cancer screening |
|
Definition
Pap begins at 21 (or 3 years after sexual debut)
every two years between the ages of 21 to
29 years and every three years between ages 30 to 65 years.
Women between 65 and 70 years old who have had three or more normal
Pap tests within the last ten years may choose to stop cervical cancer
screening. |
|
|
Term
| When is a pap smear specimen "adequate" |
|
Definition
| Pap smear must contain over 5,000 squamous cells and have sufficient endocervical cells in order to be a sample of the transformation zone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* Atypical squamous cells (ASC): Some abnormal cells are seen... infection or irritation or may be precancerous.
Low -grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). LSIL may progress
to a high-grade lesion but most regress.
High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL). This is considered
a significant precancerous lesion.
Squamous cell carcinoma. |
|
|
Term
| When is a breast lump concerning? |
|
Definition
The presence of a single, hard, immobile lesion of approximately 2 cm or
larger with irregular borders increases the likelihood of malignancy. |
|
|
Term
| Whats the next step if a cystic lesion is suspected in the breast? What about a solid lesion? |
|
Definition
Cystic lesion: Aspiration, fluid sent for cytology
Solid Lesion: Mammography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Physiologic Causes: Pregnancy, excessive breast stimulation.
Pathologic Causes: -Prolactinoma -Hormone imbalance -injury/trauma -breast abscess -Medications (antidepressants, antiHTN, some opiates) -Breast Cancer (intraductal papilloma, mammary duct ecstasia, Pagets disease of brease, ductal carcinioma in situ) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
imaging studies like mammogram,
ultrasound, ductogram and /or biopsy. You would consider hormonal testing to
exclude endocrinological reasons. Review and discontinue any medications that
may be the cause. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ostmenopausal
women need to take between 1200 and 1500 mg of calcium and 800 IU of
Vitamin D a day. Calcium tablets can be combined with vitamin D in the form of cholecalciferol. |
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