Term
| Types of connective tissues |
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Definition
| reticular, elastic, loose, dense (regular/irregular), SPECIAL (adipose, cartilage, bone, marrow) |
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Term
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Definition
| fibroblasts, mast cells, plasma cells, macrophages, adipocytes, melanocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
| collagen, reticular, elastic |
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Term
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Definition
| dense fluids (proteoglycans, glycoproteins) |
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Term
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Definition
| Adult supportive/special CT |
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Term
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Definition
| chondroblasts mature into chondrocytes which maintain and produce ECM |
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Term
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Definition
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro-cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
most common in adult. abundant ground sub and few Type II collagen fibers
H&E stain - pink/purple
responsible for growth of LONG BONES |
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Term
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Definition
Perichondrium
Chondrogenic Zone
Isogenous Group |
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Term
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Definition
found in ear pinna and epiglottis
Staining: Collagen Type II fibres BLUE
Elastic Fibers RED
less ground substance, so closer together
perichondrium |
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Term
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Definition
intermediate between dense regular CT and hyaline
limited distrobution: intervert discs, intra articular discs, attachment of lig and tendon to bone.
no perichondrium |
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Term
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Definition
| cells and fibres are embedded in hard, unbending, calcified matrix |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spongy/trabecular/cancellor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Wide portion between epiphysis and diaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones,
except at the surfaces of the joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| point of contact for joint |
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Term
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Definition
specific orientation of fibres.
Compact/cortical bone
spongy/cancellous/trabecular bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
temporary form associated with developing bone, fracture repair, and bone tumours.
random orientation of collagen fibres |
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Term
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Definition
rigidity and hard support
protects vital organs
contains marrow
reservoir for CA, Phosphate, other ions
transforms skeletal muscle forces to movement |
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Term
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Definition
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts |
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Term
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Definition
located on internal and external surfaces
synthesis of OSTEOID
become osteocytes |
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Term
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Definition
located in lacuna between lamella/layers of calcified osteoid
communicate via canaliculi
maintain bony matrix |
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Term
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Definition
type of macrophage
located on internal and external surfaces
originates from bone marrow
enzymatic digestion of bony matrix |
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Term
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Definition
organic component (osteoid)
inorganic component |
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Term
| Compact Bone \microscopic Structure |
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Definition
Periosteum and Endosteum
Volkmann's Canals
Haversian System/Osteone |
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Term
| Compact Bone \microscopic Structure |
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Definition
Periosteum and Endosteum
Volkmann's Canals
Haversian System/Osteone |
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Term
| Formation of Haversian System |
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Definition
| new osteone forms under periosteum. A capillary fits into a groove and 2 opposing ridges grow around it. Once the ridges completely enclose the cap. new lamella grows within the tube to constrict around the BV |
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Term
| Spongy/Cancellous/Trabecular Microscopic Appearance |
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Definition
lamellar bone is NON HAVERSIAN
osteoprogenitor cells assoc, with endosteum |
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Term
| Intra-membranous Ossification |
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Definition
restricted areas only. made with no pre-existing hyaline cartilage model.
formation of flat bones in SKULL, MANDIBLE, MAXILLA |
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Term
| Endochondrial Ossification |
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Definition
main form: replacement of hyaline cart. with bone
Stages 1-3: hyaline is template. osteoprogenitor cells formperiosteal collar on perichondrium of diaphysis. Primary center of oss forms
Stages 3-6:Secondary centers form. |
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Term
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Definition
| form matrix, initiate bone mineralization and reabsorption |
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Term
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Definition
| detect changes in mechanical environment and signal osteoblasts |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| "stress" fractures may be preceeded by exercise-induced microfractures |
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Term
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Definition
Dorsal Metacarpal Disease
racehorses with decreased bone stiffness and periosteal bone formation in dorsal cortex of 3rd metacarpal
24-70% of race horses have, ~12% develop fractures |
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Term
| Complications of fracture repair |
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Definition
bony ends can move into a pocket and become false joint
malnutrition
bacterial osteomyelitis
necrotic bone/tissue
age |
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Term
Fractures
Traumatic v Pathologic |
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Definition
| excessive force v abnormality in bone leading to break with little to no force |
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Term
| Slater Harris Classification |
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Definition
categorizing of fracture at growth plate
I and II - usually few complications
III and IV - growth plate crossed
V - growth plate crushed |
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Term
| Infraction (fracture class.) |
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Definition
| trabecular bone only, with no cortical deformation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Compound Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| skin broken and bone exposed to external environment |
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Term
| Comminuted Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| bone broken in two or more pieces |
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Term
| Avulsed Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
a fragment of bone tears away from the main mass of bone as a result of physical trauma.
generally caused by the pull of a ligament (generally a tuber/tuberosity/etc) |
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Term
| Greenstick Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| break does not run all the way through |
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Term
| Oblique or Transverse or Spiral cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| refers to orientation of break |
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Term
| Segmental Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| two fractures closely associated |
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Term
| Impacted Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| the ends of the bone are driven into each other |
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Term
| Compression Cortical Fracture |
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Definition
| causes a bulge in the diaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
immobilized to give relative stability
growth factor released by macrophages
24-48 hrs: undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and neovascularisation
36 hrs: first woven bone is visible. Primary callus
Months-years: secondary callus replaces primary. woven bone replaced by lamellar bone |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical application of a device to stabilise and align fracture. Gap in break of <1mm prevents callus |
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Term
| Complications of Fracture Repair |
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Definition
inadequate blood supply
instability
fibrous tissue doesn't stabilize fracture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the periosteum |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation involving the medullary cavity |
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Term
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Definition
fragment of dead bone
(isolated from blood supply and surrounded by exudate) |
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Term
| Portals of entry for infection |
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Definition
Directly through periosteum and cortex
direct extension (jaw: introduced to oral mucosa)
haematogenous
embolic osteomyelitis - embolus lodges in the capillary loop at metaphysis |
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Term
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Definition
white/blue color, glossy
thickest in young and at site of max weight bearing
no nerves, blood or lymph
nutritional diffusion from synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
Degenerative Joint Disease
chondromalacia (softening) leads to erosion and fibrillation, leads to ulceration
can lead to OSTEOPHYTES |
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Term
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Definition
| condensing and fraying of collagen fibers due to proteoglycans lost from cartilage injury |
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Term
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Definition
multiple bony outgrowths/spurs found associated with DJD
do not grow continuously but persist once formed |
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Term
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Definition
happens with chronic infectious synovitis or immune mediated diseases
a fibrovascular and inflammatory tissue arises in synovium, spreads over articular cartilage.
macrophages and collagenases destroy cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
Disease of growth plate cartilage.
Group of lesions in young animals, often bilaterally symmetrical
focal or multifocal failure of endochondrial ossification |
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Term
| 3 stages of Osetochondrosis |
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Definition
latens: lesion restricted to epiphyseal cartilage
manifesta: lesion paired with a delay in endochondral ossification
dissecans: which is a cleft formation in the articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
the soft tissue found between the joint capsule and the joint cavity of synovial joints.
not epithelium. specialized CT with secretory capacity
Parts: INTIMA, SUBINTIMA |
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Term
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Definition
the inner layer of the synovial membrane, consists of a sheet of cells thinner than a piece of paper. 2-4 cells wide.
Two types of synovial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Macrophage, responsible for the removal of undesirable substances from the synovial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibroblast, manufacture a long-chain sugar polymer called hyaluronan; |
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Term
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Definition
| long-chain sugar polymer; which makes the synovial fluid "ropy"-like egg-white, together with a molecule called lubricin, which lubricates the joint surfaces. The water of synovial fluid is not secreted as such but is effectively trapped in the joint space by the hyaluronan. |
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Term
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Definition
| supportive tissue, can be of almost any type of connective tissue – fibrous, fatty or areolar. has capillaries |
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Term
| Function of Synovial Fluid |
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Definition
| Lubrication of joint and nutrient support |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of removing synovia |
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Term
| Indications of Arthocentesis |
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Definition
Joint effusion
suspect infection
mutiple joints affects
pyrexia of unknown origin |
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Term
| Procedure of Arthrocentesis |
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Definition
GA or sedation
Radiogrpahs
Clip and Clean
No touch or steile gloves
Needle BLUE 23g 0.6mm or GREEN 21g 0.8mm
Syringe (lean towards smaller)
gentle flexion/extension may help aspiration |
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Term
| Arthrocentesis Sample Handling |
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Definition
Contact lab for requirements
EDTA for cytology
air dried smear for small volumes
PATIENT SIDE ASSESSMENT done for visual qualities |
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Term
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Definition
look for visual qualities of synovia
presence of blood
Volume (0.1-1.0ml normal for dogs, cats can be 0.0ml)
appearance (egg white normal, clear to pale yellow: DJD, tubid: inflam dz)
viscosity (5cm hanging is ok, decreased visc: inflam dz) |
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Term
| Sample Processing Priorities |
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Definition
Small Volume: SMEAR! Diff Quik or Romanowsky stain. allows cytological eval and NUCLEATED CELL COUNTS (NCC)
Large Volume: EDTA tube, allowed automate NCC, proteins, and cytology |
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Term
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Definition
| examine history, assess RBC count, differential, assess NCC |
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