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| the type of RNA made during transcription, created from a DNA strand |
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| a strand of RNA that contains an anticodon, or the compliment of a specific mRNA codon, at one end and the amino acid that matches the codon at the other end…there is a specific tRNA that matches every codon |
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| a type of RNA that is one of the two components that makes up a ribosome, or the facilitator of the process of translation |
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| during transcription, this is the enzyme that connects the RNA nucleotides at their sugar-phosphate backbone |
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| noncoding regions of the DNA that don't make any sense and cannot be translated; they must be removed from the mRNA before it can be translated |
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| coding regions that will be spliced together in a process called RNA splicing |
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| a mutation - the replacement of one nucleotide for another; sometimes it has an effect on the phenotyme, but sometimes it doesn't |
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mutations that show no effect
for example - GAA to GAG...what happens? NOTHING! |
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| Base insertion or deletion |
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| adds or removes a base from the sequence; these normally have a disastrous effects because the "reading frame" is shifted and all the codons will be read differently |
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| the complete set of genetic material in an organism |
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| (also called trisomy 21) - this is an example of an error in meiosis that causes the nondisjunction of the 21st chromosome... so, there are three copies of chromosome 21 instead of the normal 2 |
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| a family tree that records and traces the occurence of a genetic trait in a family; it can be used to determine the type of inheritance for a gene and the genotype of the family members |
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| the mutations that cause cancer come from ______ like UV rays and cigarette smoke |
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| the "tool" used to cut DNA when DNA is being moved from one place to another |
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| unique binding pattern of DNA produced by restriction enzymes |
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| a technique used for sorting and separating fragments of molecules based on size; this technique can be used to compare different sources of DNA |
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an organism that makes its own food
Ex. a plant |
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| a system of tube-shaped cells that branches throughout a plant so that plants can transport materials between their roots and shoots |
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| a type of vascular tissue that transports water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots into shoots |
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| a type of vascular tissue that transports food made in leaves to the roots and part of the shoot system that don't photosynthesize, such as developing leaves and fruits |
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| a chemical that hardens the cell walls of land plants and allows them to stand upright |
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| contains sperm and is used to carry the sperm to the egg |
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| pores in the leaves that open and close at certain times of the day to allow gas exchange and prevent water loss |
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| consists of a plant embryo packaged along with a food supply within a protective coat |
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| the diploid generation of plants that produces spores |
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| the haploid generation of plants that produces gametes |
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| a chamber at the base of the carpel that contains ovules and embryo sacs inside |
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| the female gametophytes (eggs) of seed plants develop inside of this, which is located inside the ovary |
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| male reproductive organ of a flower that contains an anther which produces pollen grains containg male gametophytes |
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| the female reproductive organ of a flower that contains the ovary, ovules, and eggs (female gametophytes) |
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| the ripened ovary of a flower that protects and helps disperse seeds |
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| a specialized type of plant shoot that functions in reproduction and is unique to angiosperms; it has four different types of modified leaves: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels |
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| pollen grains released from anthers land on stigmata of flowers of the same species |
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| the fusion of a haploid sperm cell and a haploid egg cell, forming a diploid zygote |
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| process by which a plant embryo begins to grow |
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| plants that have a life cycle of one growing season |
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| plants that live and produce for many years |
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| consists of stems, leaves, and flowers |
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| Four types of tissue in yound, non-woody plants |
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Definition
1. dermal
2. vascular
3. ground
4. meristemic |
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| growth in plant length (using root cap) |
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| growth in plant width (using vascular cambium and cork cambium) |
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