Term
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Definition
| The movement of organisms away from their point of origin. |
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Term
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Definition
| The expansion and establishment of a self-sustaining population in a new area. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ecological term referring to the spatial distribution of individual organisms within a local population. |
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Term
| Requirements for range expansion. |
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Definition
(1) A species must be able to travel to new area
(2)Withstand potentially unfavourable conditions during travel to new area
(3)Establish viable population upon arrival |
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Term
| 3 mechanisms of range expansion |
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Definition
1)Jump dispersal
2)Diffusion
3)Secular migration |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid, long distance migration by a few individuals over inhospitable habitat |
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Term
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Definition
| Slower filling of a habitat by large populations |
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Term
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Definition
| Slow, long distance movements of populations (across continents) |
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Term
| Important consequences of long-distance dispersal |
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Definition
1)Can explain some wide and discontinuous distributions of some organisms
2)Accounts in part for similarities & differeces among biota inhabiting similar environments in different areas
3)Emphasizes chages that have occurred as expanding human populations aided long-distance transport of species. |
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Term
| Characteristics of good dispersers and colonizers |
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Definition
1)Widely dispersed propagules
2)Rapid population growth rates
3)Generalist
4)Rapid dispersal and successful |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms moving under their own power |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms carried by something else. |
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Term
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Definition
| Block dispersal and colonization |
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Term
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Definition
| Dispersal routes promote dispersal and colonization (depends on organism) |
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Term
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Definition
1)Physical barriers (water, mountains)
2)Biotic interactions
3)Psychological barriers |
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Term
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Definition
| Dispersal route that is more restrictive than a corridor. Selectively blocks movement of some organisms while allowing other to migrate freely. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes rare, chance dispersals from one locality to another across a major barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Successful long-distance dispersal events. |
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Term
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Definition
1)Ability to reproduce asexually and sexually
2)Rapid growth
3)Early sexual maturity
4)High reproductive output
5)Ability to disperse widely
6)Tolerance of broad range of environmental conditions
7)High phenotypic plasticity
8)Allelopathy |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Benefits of studying islands |
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Definition
1)Discrete boundaries
2)Easy to compare and contrast |
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Term
| Classic features of insular species |
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Definition
1)Loss of flight
2)Loss of dispersability
3)Gigantism and dwarfism
4)Loss of antipredator defenses
5)Highly specialized niches |
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Term
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Definition
| A geographical gradient in a geneticallly controlled trait |
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Term
| Authors of The Thoery of Island Biogeography |
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Definition
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Term
| As species richness increases, migration....(slows or increases?) |
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Definition
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Term
| As species richness increases, extinction....(slows or increases?) |
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Definition
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Term
| Equilibrium is reached when... |
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Definition
| Rate of extinction = rate of colonization |
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Term
| Is there a general pattern of evolutionary development from simple to complex life forms? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| General pattern of increasing size in evolutioary history of many species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of a new specific within the same geographic area as parent |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of new species by geographic isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| Speciation casued by the evolutionary divergence of populations that occupy different habitat or niches in the same geographic area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when peripheral populations become geographically isolated from the main population and undergo genetic divergence and speciation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The devlopment of new species within the same geographic area as parent species (no specific barrier, populations continuous) |
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Term
| Typical rate of extinction in plant families |
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Definition
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Term
| Extinction rate of most species |
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Definition
| Less than 1-2 million years |
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Term
| Number of mass extinction that have already occured |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Species must constantly evolve because other species are evolving - may out compete you if you dont evolve |
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Term
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Definition
| Any change in the genetic composition of a population over time |
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Term
| Frequency distribution of heritable traits can be altered by.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Selection against the extreme phenotypes in a population. Intermedate forms favored, extreme forms selected against |
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Term
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Definition
| Individuals at one extreme of the distribution are favoured. |
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Term
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Definition
| Favours individuals towards both extremes of the distribution. Intermediates are selected against. |
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Term
| 3 geographic effects on evolution |
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Definition
(1) Founder principle
(2) Bottleneck
(3) Vicariance events |
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Term
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Definition
| A few individuals from a population start a new population with a different allele frequency than the original population |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that normally have large populations may pass through occasional periods when only a small number of individuals survive. |
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Term
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Definition
| Climate change and predation |
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Term
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Definition
| Geologic events that split a species' range. Examples, mountain building and shifting continents. |
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Term
| 4 types of reproductive isolation leading to speciation |
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Definition
(1) Instantaneous
(2) Allopatric
(3) Sympatric
(4) Parapatric |
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Term
| Development of many species from one to fill all available niches |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Development of similar morphological or physiological traits in different locales |
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Term
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Definition
| The area permanetly occupied by a plant or animal taxon |
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Term
| Rank in order of range size from largest to smallest: Birds, mammals, and insects/plant |
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Definition
| Birds, mammals, insects/plants |
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Term
| Who has larger range, carnivores or herbivores? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| General pattern of decreasing range size toward the equator |
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Term
| As elevation increases, range size... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| taxa with restricted geographic ranges; found in only one biogeographic region |
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Term
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Definition
| Recently evoloved and speciated, small population sizes and geographic ranges. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species had a wider geographic range in the past but is reduced due to climate or increased competition/predation |
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Term
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Definition
| Plant and animal species that possess large geographic ranges distributed over most continents (5 or more geographic ranges) |
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Term
| 5 zonal distributions in biogeography |
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Definition
| (1) Circulpolar (2&3) Boreal/Austral (4) Temperate (5) Pantropical |
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Term
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Definition
| Geographic ranges that are divided into two or more geographically seperate parts |
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Term
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Definition
| Distributions that are divided into two distinct ranges that are seperated by biogeographic barriers. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occur on opposite sides of oceans |
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Term
| Causes of disjunct distributions |
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Definition
| (1)Dispersal (2) Climate (3)Geologic processes (4)Evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| Taxa that had a larger distribution but have become narrow endemics |
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Term
| Two types of biogeographic relicts |
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Definition
| Climatic and evolutionary |
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Term
| Chelsea and Cali are awesome because... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of information on geographic distributions of species and on the geographic dynamics of extinction forces |
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Term
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Definition
| Gap between the number of described species and actual diversity of species |
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