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Cardiovascular
Pathology
187
Pathology
Graduate
01/17/2014

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Cards

Term
5 R -> L shunts
Definition
metrology of fallout, transposition of great vessels, truncus arterioles, tricuspid atresia, total anomalous pulmonary venous return
Term
persistent truncs arteriosus
Definition
failure of truncus arterioles to divide into pulmonary trunk and aorta
Term
tricuspid atresia
Definition
abscense of tricuspid valve and hypopalstic R ventricle
Term
TAPVR
Definition
pulmonary veins drain into R heart
Term
3 causes of L -> R shunts
Definition
VSD, ASD, PDA
Term
most common congenital cardiac anomaly
Definition
VSD
Term
loid S1, wide S2
Definition
ASD
Term
Eisenmenger's sndrome
Definition
uncorrected L->R shunt cuases compensatory pulmonary vascular hypertrophy which results in progressive pulmonary HTN leading to late cyanosis
Term
components of metrology of fallot
Definition
pulmonary stenosis, RVH, overriding aorta, VSD
Term
boot shaped heart
Definition
tetrology of fallout
Term
cause of metrology of fallot
Definition
anterosuperior displacement of the infundibular septum
Term
transposition of great vessels
Definition
aorta leaves RV and pulmonary trunk leaves LV
Term
infantile coarctation of aorta
Definition
stenosis proximal to ductus arteriosus; w/ Turner syndrome
Term
adult type coarctation of aorta
Definition
stenosis distal to ligamentum arteriosum; notchin of ribs, HTN in UE, weak pulses in lower extremities; can cause aortic regurg
Term
a/w bicuspid aortic valve
Definition
adult type coarctation of aorta
Term
machine like murmur
Definition
DPDA
Term
progression of PDA
Definition
RVH and failure; late cyanosis in lower extremities
Term
cardiac defect with 22q11
Definition
truncus arteriosus, metrology of fallot
Term
cardiac defects with Down syndrome
Definition
endocardial cushion defect (ASD, VSD, AV septal defect)
Term
cardiac defects with congenital rubella
Definition
sepatl defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis
Term
cardiac defects with turner syndrome
Definition
coarctation of aorta (pre ductal)
Term
cardiac defects with Marfan syndrome
Definition
aortic insufficiency
Term
cardiac defects with diabetic mother
Definition
transposition of great vessels
Term
most common cause of R CHF
Definition
L CHF
Term
drugs that reduce mortality of CHF
Definition
ACEI, Beta blockers, ARB, and spironolactone
Term
CHF drugs for symptomatic releif
Definition
thiazide, loops, nitrates, digoxin
Term
cardiac dilation
Definition
greater EDV
Term
dyspnea on exertion
Definition
failure of Q to inc during exercise
Term
signs of L CHF
Definition
pulmonary edema, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea
Term
cause of pulmonary edema
Definition
inc pulm venous pressure -> venous distention and transudation of fluid
Term
hemosiderin-lade macrophages
Definition
L CHF
Term
signs of R CHF
Definition
hepatomegaly, ankle, scrotal edema, JVD
Term
cause of hepatomegaly in CHF
Definition
inc central venous pressure -> inc R to portal flow
Term
cause of ankle edema in CHF
Definition
inc venous pressure -> fluid transudation
Term
cause of JVD in CHF
Definition
inc venous pressure
Term
BP in HTN
Definition
> 140/90
Term
risk factors for HTN
Definition
inc age, obesity, DM, smoking, genetics, black > white > asian
Term
most common type of HTN
Definition
primary/essential
Term
2' cause of HTN
Definition
renal disease
Term
essential HTN is related to
Definition
inc CO and inc TPR
Term
HTN predisposes you to:
Definition
atherosclerosis, LVH, stroke, CHF, renal failure, retinopathy and aortic dissection
Term
monckeberg ateriosclerosis
Definition
media calcification, radial or ulnar; "pipestem" arteries, does not obstruct blood flow
Term
arteriolosclerosis
Definition
hyaline thickening of small arteries in essential HTN or DM; onion skinning in malignant HTN
Term
type of vessels in atherosclerosis
Definition
elastic and large and medium muscular arteries
Term
atherosclerosis risk factors
Definition
smoking, HTN, DM, hyperlipidemi (inc LDL, dec HDL), FH
Term
progression of atherosclerosis
Definition
endothelia dysfxn -> macrophage and LDL accumulation -> foam cell -> fatty streaks -> smooth mm cell migration -> fibrous plaque -> complete atheroma
Term
cause of smooth mm migration in atherosclerosis
Definition
PDGF and TGF-beta
Term
complications of atherosclerosis
Definition
aneurysm, ischemia, infarcts, PVD, thrombus, emboli
Term
locations of atherosclerosis
Definition
abdominal aorta > coronary > popliteal > carotid
Term
symptoms of atherosclerosis
Definition
angina, claudication; can be asymptomaic
Term
population with abdominal aortic aneurysm
Definition
male smokers >50
Term
thoracic vs abdominal aortic aneurysm associations
Definition
abdominal = atherosclerosis
thoracic = HTN, cystic medial necrosis (Marfans)
Term
associationso f aortic dissection
Definition
HTN, cystic medial necrosis (Marfans)
Term
tearing chest pain radiating to back
Definition
aortic dissection
Term
CXR of aortic dissection
Definition
widening mediastinum
Term
stanford A vs B of aortic dissection
Definition
A = ascending aorta; surgically managed
B = descending aorta; medically managed (beta blocker)
Term
stable angina
Definition
ST depression; relieved with rest
Term
prinzmetal's angina
Definition
2/2 coronary artery spasm; ST elevation
Term
unstable angina
Definition
ST depression; CP at rest or with minimal exertion
Term
coronary steal syndrome
Definition
vasodilator may aggregate ischemia by shunting blood from area of critical stenosis to area of higher perfusion
Term
sudden cardiac death
Definition
within 1 hr of symptoms; lethal arrhythmia
Term
chronic ischemic heart disease
Definition
progressive onset of CHF over many years 2/2 chronic ischemic myocardial damage
Term
MI Gross: 0-4 hr
Definition
none
Term
MI Gross: 2-4 days
Definition
hyperemia
Term
MI Gross: 4-12 hrs
Definition
dark mottling; ale with tetrazolium stain
Term
MI Gross: 5-10 days
Definition
hyperemic border; central yellow-brown softening; maximally yellow and soft by 10 days
Term
MI Gross: 7 wks
Definition
gray-white
Term
MI light microscope: 0-4 hrs
Definition
none
Term
MI light microscope: 4-12 hrs
Definition
early coat necrosis, edema, hemorrhage, wavy fibers
Term
MI light microscope: 12-24
Definition
contraction bands, release of necrotic cel content, Nt emigration
Term
MI light microscope: 2-4 days
Definition
extensive coag nec; tissue surrounding infarct shows acute inflame; nt emigration
Term
MI light microscope: 5-10 days
Definition
granulation tissue
Term
MI light microscope: 7 wks
Definition
contracted scar complete
Term
MI risk: 0-4 hrs
Definition
arrhythmia
Term
MI risk: 4-12 hrs
Definition
arrhythmia
Term
MI risk: 2-4 days
Definition
arrhythmia
Term
MI risk: 5-10 days
Definition
free wall rupture, tamponade, papillary mm rupture, inter ventricular septal rupture
Term
MI risk: 7 wks
Definition
ventricular aneurysm
Term
dx of MI in first 6 hrs
Definition
EKG is gold standard
Term
cardic troponin I
Definition
rises after 4 hrs and elevated for 7-10 days
Term
CK-MB
Definition
useful for diagnosing reinfarction
Term
AST location
Definition
cardiac, liver and skeletal mm
Term
EKG changes with MI
Definition
ST elevation, ST depression, pathologic Q waves
Term
transmural infarcts
Definition
inc necrosis; entire wall; ST elevation and Q waves
Term
subendocardial infarcts
Definition
necrosis of <50%; subendocardium especially vulnerable; ST depression
Term
anterior wall leads
Definition
V1-V4
Term
anteroseptal wall leads
Definition
V1-V2
Term
anterolateral wall leads
Definition
V4-V6
Term
lateral wall leads
Definition
I, aVL
Term
inferior wall leads
Definition
II, III, aVF
Term
top 3 complications of MI
Definition
cardiac arrhytmia, LV failure and pulmonary edema; cardiogenic shock
Term
MI with cardiac tamponade
Definition
ventricular free wall rupture
Term
MI with new mitral regurg
Definition
papillary mm rupture
Term
MI with new VSD
Definition
interventricular septal rupture
Term
complication aneurysm after MI
Definition
mural thrombus -> stroke
Term
postinfarction fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
3-5 days post-MI; relieved with leaning forward
Term
Dressler's sndrome
Definition
AI phenomenon resulting in fibrinous pericarditis, several weeks post-MI
Term
most common cardiomyopathy
Definition
dilated
Term
causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
Definition
alcohol, beriberi, coxsackie B, cocaine, chagas, doxorubicin, hemochromatosis and peripartum
Term
dilated cardiomyopathy findings
Definition
S3, dilated heart on US, balloon appearance on XR
Term
eccentric hypertrophy
Definition
dilated cardiomyopathy
Term
cardiomyopathy ass w/ Friedreich's ataxia
Definition
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Term
concentric hypertrophy
Definition
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Term
disoriented, tangled hypertrophied myocardial fibers
Definition
Term
sudden death in young athletes
Definition
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Term
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy findings
Definition
S4, apical impulses, systolic mumur,
Term
hypertrophic cardiomyop tx
Definition
beta blocker or nondihydro CCB
Term
causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy
Definition
sarcoid, amyloid, postradiation fibrosis, endocardial fibroelastosis, loffler's, hemochromatosis
Term
endocardial fibroelastosis
Definition
thick fibroelastic tissue in endocardium in young children
Term
Loffler's
Definition
endomyocardial fibrosis with a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate
Term
what are roth's spots?
Definition
round white spots on retina surrounded by hemorrhage
Term
what are osier's nodes?
Definition
tender raised lesions on finger or toe pads
Term
what are janeway lesions?
Definition
small erythematous lesions on palm or sole
Term
signs of bacterial endocarditis
Definition
fever, roth's, osler's, janeway, splinter hemorrhage
Term
acute bacterial endocarditis
Definition
S aureus, large vegetations on normal valves
Term
subacute endocarditis
Definition
viridans strep, smaller vegetations on abnormal/diseased valves
Term
culture neg endocarditis
Definition
haemophilus, actinobacteria, cardiobacterium, eikinella, kingella
Term
IVDA and endocarditis
Definition
S epidermidis, pseudomonas and candida
Term
bacterial endocarditis and colon cancer
Definition
S bovis
Term
Libman sack
Definition
endocarditis with lupus; wart-like sterile vegitaitons on both sides of the valve
Term
complications of bacterial endocarditis
Definition
chordae rupture, glomerulonephritis, suppurative pericarditis, emboli
Term
myocarditis with GAS
Definition
rheumatic fever
Term
valves with rheumatic fever
Definition
mitral > aortic >> tricuspid
Term
aschoff bodies
Definition
granuloma with giant cells in rheumatic fever
Term
anitschkow's cells
Definition
activated istiocytes with rheumatic fever
Term
type of hypersensitivity with rheumatic fever
Definition
type II
Term
major criteria of rheumatic fever
Definition
migratory polyarthritis, pancarditis, nodules, erythema marginatum, sydenham chorea
Term
ab in rheumatic fever
Definition
ASO and to M protein
Term
CP aggravated by inspiration and relieved by siting up and leaning forward
Definition
acute pericarditis
Term
fibrinous pericarditis
Definition
Dressler's uremia, renal failure, radiation
Term
auscultation of pericarditis
Definition
friction rub
Term
EKG with pericarditis
Definition
inc ST in all leads, dec PR in all leads
Term
serous pericarditis
Definition
rhumatic fever and SLE
Term
suppurative pericarditis
Definition
infectious
Term
hemorrhagic pericarditis
Definition
melanoma or TB
Term
EKG with cardiac tamponade
Definition
electrical alternans
Term
findings with cardiac tamponade
Definition
hypotension, inc JVD, distend heart sounds, pulsus paradoxus
Term
what is pulsus paradoxes?
Definition
dec in systolic by >10 mmHg during inspiration
Term
what can cuase pulsus peridoxus
Definition
tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis and croup
Term
calcification of aortic root
Definition
syphilitic heart disease
Term
tree bark or aorta
Definition
syphilitic heart disease
Term
Kussmaul's sign
Definition
inc in JVD with inspiration in pericarditis; caused by dec RV capacity
Term
most common cardiac tumor
Definition
myxoma
Term
myxoma location
Definition
L atria
Term
multiple syncopal episodes and tumor
Definition
myxoma= ball valve obstruction
Term
cardiac tumor with tuberous sclerosis
Definition
rhabdomyomas
Term
metastasis to heart comes from?
Definition
melanoma, lymphoma
Term
complications of varicose veins
Definition
poor wound healing, varicose ulcers, edema, stasis dermatitis
Term
raynauds
Definition
fingers and toes; dec blood flow 2/2 arteriolar vasospasm in cold temp or emotional stress
Term
causes of raynaud
Definition
mixed CT disease, SLE, CREST
Term
unilateral HA and jaw claudication
Definition
giant cell
Term
population with temporal arteritis
Definition
elderly females
Term
lab with temporal arteritis
Definition
inc ESR; biopsy
Term
vasculitis ass w/ polymyalgia rheumatica
Definition
Term
tx of temporal arteritis
Definition
high dose steroids
Term
population in takayasu
Definition
asian females < 40
Term
pulseless disease
Definition
weak upper extremity pulses with takayasu
Term
arteries in giant cell arteritis
Definition
opthalmic -> blindness; temporal
Term
vessel in takayasu
Definition
aortic arch
Term
vasculitis with HBV
Definition
polyarteritis nodosa
Term
symptoms of PAN
Definition
fever, weight loss, malaise, HA, abdominal pain, melena
Term
vasculitis immune complex mediated sparing lungs
Definition
PAN
Term
tx with corticosteroids and cyclphosphamide
Definition
PAN and wegener
Term
population of kawasaki
Definition
asian children < 4
Term
symptoms of kawasaki
Definition
fever, conjuncitivis, strawberry tongue, hand-foot erythema and coronary aneurysms
Term
kawasaki Tx
Definition
IVIg and ASA
Term
population with beurger's
Definition
heavy smokers and males <40
Term
symptoms of buerger's
Definition
claudication -> gangrene; autoamputation of digits, nodular phlebitis, raynauds
Term
buerger's tx
Definition
smoking cessation
Term
p-ANCA, palpable purpura
Definition
microscopic polyangiitis
Term
symptoms of wegener
Definition
upper respt tract, lower reap tract and renal
Term
cANCA
Definition
wegener
Term
vasculitis with asthma
Definition
Churg0Straus
Term
vasculitis with foot drop
Definition
churg-strauss
Term
vasculitis with eosinophilia
Definition
churg strauss
Term
vasculitis that follows URI
Definition
henoch-schonlein pupura
Term
triad of HSP
Definition
skin: palpable purpura on butt/legs, arthralgia, GI (melena, abdominal pain)
Term
port wine stain
Definition
struge weber
Term
neuro symptoms of sturge weber
Definition
ipsilateral leptomeningeal angiomatosis, seizures and early onset glaucoma
Term
hemangioma of infancy and regresses
Definition
strawberry hemangioma
Term
angioma of elderly that does not regress
Definition
cherry
Term
vascular tumor with trauma and pregnancy
Definition
pyogenic granuloma
Term
cavernous lymphangioma of neck with Turner
Definition
cystic hygroma
Term
skin papulse in AIDS by Bartonella henselae
Definition
bacillary angiomtosis
Term
vascular tumor with vinyl chloride, arsenic and ThO2
Definition
angiosarcoma
Term
tumor with persistent lymphedema
Definition
lymphangiosarcoma
Term
skin papules in AIDS and HHV8
Definition
kaposi's
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