Term
| The heart lies within the thoracic cavity, within the ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mediastinum contain? |
|
Definition
| heart, trachea, bronchi, esophagus, hilar lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| The base of the heart is directed (directional term). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The apex of the heart lies... |
|
Definition
| just left of midline, at junction of diaphragm and sternum |
|
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Term
| What is different about the horse and ox heart? |
|
Definition
| more than 70% of heart lying to left of midline |
|
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Term
| The canine heart is ___ in shape with its largest part ___. |
|
Definition
| ovoid in shape, largest part dorsally |
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Term
| The heart extends from the __ to __ intercostal spaces. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The heart sits at a ___ degree angle to the sternum. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The equine heart is more ___ shaped. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| External landmarks for the heart: |
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Definition
| olecranon, 5th intercostal space |
|
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Term
| In horses, the olecranon process is located at the __ intercostal space. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In normal animals, the base of the heart is located on a line extending from... |
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Definition
| acromion to ventral end of the last rib |
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Term
| In all domestic species, the heart is almost completely surrounded by the lungs EXCEPT for what spot? |
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Definition
| cardiac notch = where it makes contact with the right ventrolateral thoracic wall |
|
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Term
| Terms for inserting a needle into the chest cavity? |
|
Definition
| pleurocentesis or thoracocentesis |
|
|
Term
| For thoracocentesis, it is best to insert the needle into the ___ of the intercostal space because... |
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Definition
| middle, to avoid ventral intercostal vessels which run along sides of ribs |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrous sac surrounding the heart |
|
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Term
| The pericardium is divided into: |
|
Definition
fibrous pericardia
serous pericardia |
|
|
Term
| What is the fibrous pericardium? |
|
Definition
| outermost layer of pericardium, attaches all vessels as they enter/leave heart |
|
|
Term
| Where does the heart attach to the diaphragm? What about the sternum? |
|
Definition
diaphragm: phrenicopericardiac ligament
sternum: sternopericardiac ligament |
|
|
Term
| What animal has bones in the pericardium? What are these called? |
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Definition
| ox has ossicles called ossa cordis in the fibrous pericardium near the base |
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|
Term
| What is the serous pericardium? |
|
Definition
| lies between the fibrous pericardium and the muscular heart; divided into parietal and visceral layer |
|
|
Term
| Term for the muscular portion of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the serous pericardium: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| serous pericardium over the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What lies between the parietal and visceral pericardium? |
|
Definition
| pericardial cavity contains about 1mL of yellow fluid to lubricate movement during contraction |
|
|
Term
| Name the layers of tissue surrounding the heart, from out to in: |
|
Definition
fibrous pericardium
serous pericardium
-parietal
-pericardial cavity
-visceral
myocardium |
|
|
Term
| What divides the left and right sides of the heart? |
|
Definition
| interatrial / interventricular septa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chambers of the heart which are dorsal to the ventricles and function to receive and hold venous blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| the chambers of the heart that lie ventral to the atria and are the primary muscular chambers to pump blood away from the heart |
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Term
| Purpose of the AV valves? |
|
Definition
| prevent backflow of blood into the atria during ventricular contractions (systole) |
|
|
Term
| What are chordae tendinae? |
|
Definition
| tendinous cords that anchor the AV valves to the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name and give location of the semilunar valves: |
|
Definition
Aortic Valve: between L ventricle and aorta
Pulmonary Valve: between R ventricle and pulmonary artery |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| any abnormal sound caused by turbulent blood flow due to valvular or non-valvular problems |
|
|
Term
| How to determine what kind of murmur you're hearing? |
|
Definition
-hear it in systole or diastole?
-which side of the body? |
|
|
Term
| Term for murmur caused by valve not closing all the way? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for murmur caused by valve not opening all the way? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colloquial term for valvular insufficiency murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Colloquial term for valvular stenosis murmur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which valves are open/closed in systole? |
|
Definition
Open: Semilunar
Closed: AV |
|
|
Term
| Which valves are open/closed in diastole? |
|
Definition
Open: AV
Closed: Semilunar |
|
|
Term
| Most common category of murmurs heard? Most common specific defect? |
|
Definition
systolic valvular murmurs
-mitral valve insufficiency |
|
|
Term
| What broad group of murmurs is rare? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The end result of the 13 common sequelae to mitral valve insufficiency:
Additional: |
|
Definition
ascites
Additional: pulmonary edema, cardiomegaly |
|
|
Term
| In cats, the heart sits at a ___ degree angle to the sternum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ascending aorta? |
|
Definition
| small portion of the aorta as it leaves the heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the braciocephalic artery? |
|
Definition
| branches off the proximal aortic arch and leads to L + R carotid arteries and R subclavian artery |
|
|
Term
| What are the coronary arteries? |
|
Definition
| feed the heart blood, come out of the base of the heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of the aorta between the ascending and descending aorta, which has branches to brachiocephalic and L subclavian arteries |
|
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Term
| The R subclavian artery branches off of... |
|
Definition
| the brachiocephalic artery, from the aortic arch |
|
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Term
| The L + R carotids branch off of... |
|
Definition
| the brachiocephalic artery from the aortic arch |
|
|
Term
| The L subclavian branches off of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Another name for the descending aorta? |
|
Definition
| "abdominal" aorta in quadripeds |
|
|
Term
| What attaches the apex of the heart to the sternum? |
|
Definition
| sternopericardial ligament |
|
|
Term
| What attaches the heart to the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
| phrenicopericardial ligament |
|
|
Term
| What lies on top of the esophagus as it passes through the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The caudal vena cava lies at the level of the __. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The thoracic aorta is divided into 3 sections. Name them: |
|
Definition
ascending aorta
aortic arch
descending aorta |
|
|
Term
| The coronary arteries come off of... |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Name the vessels that branch off from the abdominal aorta in order from cranial to caudal: |
|
Definition
celiac
cranial mesenteric
renal (2)
ovarian/testicular (2)
caudal mesenteric |
|
|
Term
| Caudally, the abdominal aorta becomes the ___. |
|
Definition
| L + R common iliac arteries |
|
|
Term
| The celiac artery feeds... |
|
Definition
| spleen, greater curvature of stomach, other cranial viscera |
|
|
Term
| The cranial mesenteric artery feeds... |
|
Definition
| intestines (ascending duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending/transverse colon) |
|
|
Term
| The caudal mesenteric artery feeds... |
|
Definition
| intestines (descending colon, rectum) |
|
|
Term
| The internal iliac arteries feed... |
|
Definition
| pelvic viscera, lumbar and gluteal muscles |
|
|
Term
| The external iliac arteries feed... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many "holes" are in the diaphragm? Name them. |
|
Definition
3:
foramen vena cava
esophageal hiatus
aortic hiatus |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the foramen vena cava? |
|
Definition
| caudal vena cava, just ventral to esophagus and just above the heart base |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the esophageal hiatus? |
|
Definition
| esophagus, dorsal to heart base and caudal vena cava |
|
|
Term
| What passes through the aortic hiatus? |
|
Definition
descending aorta
vena azygos
thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| What is the thoracic duct? |
|
Definition
| drains the body's lymphatics to cranial vena cava |
|
|
Term
| To where do the lymphatics drain? |
|
Definition
| the heart, so drain distal to proximal |
|
|
Term
| Where is the aortic hiatus? |
|
Definition
| between the two crura of the diaphragm, ventral to vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| The diaphragm originates as two separate muscles called __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A swollen lymph node indicates inflammation/infection where? |
|
Definition
| distal to that lymph node |
|
|
Term
| The phrenic nerve passes through the diaphragm at the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the phrenic nerve is stimulated, what happens to the body? |
|
Definition
| it's right next to esophagus, so it slows down the GIT |
|
|
Term
| Gagging and tight belly may indicate... |
|
Definition
| FB lodged in esophageal hiatus, pressing on phrenic nerve |
|
|
Term
| Describe how you would insert a needle into the heart: |
|
Definition
-animal in L lateral recumbency
-cardiac notch is on R side, 4th-5th intercostal space
-at level of costochondral junction
-insert needle just dorsal to CC junction |
|
|
Term
| When inserting a needle into the heart, how can you tell you've hit it? |
|
Definition
| feel something hard, let go of needle and see it "beat" |
|
|
Term
| Difference in the jugular anatomy of animals vs. humans? |
|
Definition
animals: big external, small internal because they need to drain more blood from muscles of face and mastication
humans: big internal, small external because need to drain blood from brain |
|
|
Term
| As jugular veins approach the thoracic inlet, they join with ____ on both sides to form ____. Past the inlet, this becomes ___. |
|
Definition
| join with axillary veins to form brachiocephalic vein; part thoracic inlet = cranial vena cava |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pulmonary, aortic, and mitral valves are heard on the left side of the chest
tricuspid heard on the right |
|
|
Term
| What % of all murmurs are due to mitral valve insufficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mitral valve insufficiency is heard during ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is mitral valve insufficiency murmur so common? |
|
Definition
| LV has more pressure in it, so the valve gets "beat up" more, can toughen up and not close completely |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ventricles don't contract simultaneously (purkinje fibers may take longer to reach LV), so the AV valves slam shut at different times. Sounds like "lublub dub." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The semilunar valves don't close simultaneously. Sounds like "lub dubdub." |
|
|
Term
| A continuous S1 and S2 could mean... |
|
Definition
enlarged heart or LV, heartworm, etc
it's a problem |
|
|
Term
| Clinical sign of neonatal circulation problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What to do if you hear a murmur in a neonate? |
|
Definition
-look for CS like cyanosis, fainting
-continue to monitor
-if no CS, baby is probably compensating
-murmur may go away with time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ventricular septal defect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bubbles/aneurysms of the LV septal wall; creates holes between two ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a congenital heat condition consisting of 4 defects; causes a continuous murmur and we just have to hope the heart fixes itself over time |
|
|
Term
| How many lung lobes does the K9 have? Name them. |
|
Definition
6 total:
2 Left
-cranial (2 parts_
-caudal
3 Right
-cranial
-middle
-caudal
1 accessory |
|
|
Term
| What vessels form the brachiocephalic vein as they pass through the thoracic inlet? |
|
Definition
R/L jugulars
R/L axillaries |
|
|
Term
| What vessels dump into the precava as it approaches the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the vena azygos drain? |
|
Definition
muscles around L1 - L4/L5
-epaxial
-psoas |
|
|
Term
| How do a subclavian arteries leave the thoracic cavity? |
|
Definition
| exits thoracic inlet and becomes axillary, circles 1st ribs, travels to armpit and becomes brachial artery at mid-humerus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the names of the subclavian artery as it exits the thoracic cavity and travels down the front limb. |
|
Definition
-subclavian leaves thor. inlet
-then = axillary, circles 1st rib
-mid-humerus = brachial
-1 branch = superficial brachial, the other continues down limb
-at distal humerus = common interosseous
-at elbow = median
-branches into radial and ulnar (horses = mediopalmar)
-digital branches out |
|
|
Term
| Describe the names of the femoral artery as it exits the abdominal cavity and travels down the hind limb. |
|
Definition
-external iliac
-deep femoral
-passes thru femoral ring/canal
-branches = saphenous, femoral
-saphenous > med/lat plantars
-femoral > popliteal at stifle
-cr. tibial at tib/fib
-dorsal pedal at hock
-dorsal metatarsal
-digitals |
|
|
Term
| Name the branches of the internal iliac artery: |
|
Definition
Internal Pudendal
-artery of penis or clitoris
Urogenital
-vaginal / prostatic
-uterine / ductus deferens
-vesicular (bladder) |
|
|
Term
| Name the branches of the R. subclavian artery: |
|
Definition
-vertebral
-R. axillary
-internal thoracic
-omocervical |
|
|
Term
| Arteries are always located ___ to bones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the branches of the common carotid in the head/face region. |
|
Definition
-internal carotid
-mandibular
-lingual
-facial
-auricular |
|
|
Term
| The entire GIT is drained by what vessel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The liver is drained by what vessel? |
|
Definition
| hepatic vein, NOT portal vein!!! portal dumps into liver |
|
|
Term
| The hepatic vein dumps into what vessel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The superficial brachial artery feeds... |
|
Definition
| muscles proximal to manus |
|
|
Term
| In the horse, what is the name of the artery above the knee? |
|
Definition
| mediopalmar (not radial/ulnar) |
|
|
Term
| What is the femoral ring / canal? |
|
Definition
| the space in which the femoral artery, vein, and nerves pass from the abdomen to the pelvic limb |
|
|
Term
| Which iliac artery leaves the abdomen and feeds the pelvic limb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a saddle thrombus? |
|
Definition
| feline condition in which a clot lodges at the point where the iliacs branch off from the aorta, resulting in hind limb paralysis and cold hind limbs |
|
|
Term
| The internal pudendal artery supplies blood to... |
|
Definition
| penis/prepuce, dorsal vagina vault, vulva, clitoris |
|
|
Term
| The urogenital artery supplies blood to... |
|
Definition
| vagina and cranial part of uterus, prostate |
|
|
Term
| The uterine artery supplies blood to... |
|
Definition
| caudal uterus, ductus deferens |
|
|
Term
| The vesicular artery supplies blood to... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when vessels join together and become one |
|
|
Term
| During an OVH, the doctor must ligate AT LEAST __ vessels. |
|
Definition
| 4 vessels (2 ovarian, 2 uterine) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the L and R common carotids split? |
|
Definition
| above thoracic inlet, medial to angle of jaw |
|
|
Term
| What arteries feed the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Importance of the lingual artery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sucks blood into the hepatic vein and cd. vena cava from the "swamp-like" liver and portal vein? |
|
Definition
| inhalation > thoracic cavity expands > vacuum |
|
|
Term
| If a dog ingests a poison, how can you break the cycle of it traveling from intestines > portal vein > liver > bile duct > intestines...etc.? |
|
Definition
| mineral oil - will coat the poison and can't be absorbed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can result from mitral valve insufficiency; blood backs up in circulatory system and eventually causes jugulars to swell |
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