blood (transporter)

the heart (the pump)

The blood Vessels (carrier or highway)

"cardio" "vascular"

heart

blood or blood vessels

Transportation

(waste, nutrients, O2)

Regulation

(body temp, Ph level, blood volume)

Protection

(created by platelets)

Transportation

Respiratory System

-O2 and CO2

Digestive System

-Nutrients from GI tract

Renal System

-Waste products

Endocrine System

-Hormones

pH of body

Body Temp

Blood osmotic pressure

Prevents blood loss

prevents infection

Blood cells

plasma

Blood cell components

Red blood cells

white blood cells

platelets

Water

Proteins

Other

Denser and more viscous than water

Temp of 100.4

pH; alkaline

-7.35 to 7.45

accounts for 8% of body weight

average volume

-males: 5-6 liters (1.5 gallons)

-females: 4-5 liters

Blood plasma

-55% of total blood volume

Formed Elements

-45% of total blood volume

Blood Plasma

91.5% water

7% plasma proteins

-Albumins

-Globulins

-Fibrinogen

Distributes heat

Contains over 100 dissolved solvents

Erythrocytes

-Red blood cells

Thrombocytes

-Platelets

Leukocytes

-White Blood Cells

homopoiesis (heme=blood; poiesis=making)

made in bone marrow

Replaces cancerous or abnormal red blood marrow with healthy red bone marrow

-goal: establish normal blood cell counts

Treatment for:

-Aplatic anemia, leukemia, Hodgkins disease, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma etc

Patient's immune system compromised for life.

Erythrocytes (Erythro=red, cyte=cell)

Not a true cell

Live 100-120 days in circulation 

shaped like biconcave discs

Contains hemoglobin

-o2 carrying protein

-pigment giving whole blood its red color

Gas transport

-binds o2

-Transports 23% of co2

250 hemoglobin molecules on single RBC

New mature cells must enter circulation at a rate of 2 million per second

matches destruction rate

The oxygen capacity of blood is reduced

Symptoms include fatigue, intolerance to cold and pale skin

Iron deficiency anemia

-Inadequate absorption of iron, excessive loss of iron or insufficient intake of iron

-Pernicious anemia

-insufficient hempoiesis (not enough B12)

-Hemorrhagic anemia

-Excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding (stomach ulcers, large wounds)

-Thalassemia 

-Hereditary, abnormal hemoglobin, RBCs become fragile

Sickle Cell Anemia

Contain abnormal kind of hemoglobin (Hb-s)

Hb-s gives up oxygen to interstitial fluid

-forms long, stiff, rodlike structures that bend the RbC into a sickle shape

Rapture easily 

-develop hemolytic anemia

Hereditary

Erythropoiesis

RBC's mature within 1-2 days of being released into circulation

Should occur at same rate of destruction

If not body will increase release of Erythropoitin

Erythropoietin

EPO travels to red bone marrow and stimulates Erythropoiesis

Increased RBC's = Increased Oxygen

Increases number of RBC's, increasing oxygen carrying capacity

Inject drugs

-Epogen and Procrit

Downside, increases viscocity of blood

NO DOPING!!!!

spleen

we can live without

liver/bone marrow pick up responsibility

Leukocytes

White Blood Cells

Complete Cells

Less than 1% of blood volume (outnumbered by RBC's 700:1)

Body's defense against disease

Leukocyte Categories

Granulocytes

Agranulocytes

Eosinophils

Basophils

Neutrophils

Most Numberous

Respond first to bacterial infection

Work through phagocytosis

-Release lysozyme that destroy bacteria

Attracted to sites of inflammation

less numberous

Take longer to reach site of infection than neutrophils

Arrive in larger numbers

Leave bloodstream and enter the tissue

-Become wandering macrophages ("Large Eaters")

-Phagocytize many more microbes than neutrophils

-Clean up cellular debris after infection

Eosinophils

Leave capillaries and enter interstitial fluid

Release Enzyme that combat inflammation in allergic reactions

Attack parasitic worms

-Flatworms (tapeworms and flukes)

-Roundworms (pinworms and hookworms)

Involved in inflammatory and allergic rections

Granules containing histamine, heparin, and serotonin

-All chemicals intensify the inflammatory reaction.

Lymphocytes

-T Lymphocytes

-B Lymphocytes

-Natural killer cells

Monocytes

Majority found in lymphoid tissue

-Lymph nodes, spleen, etc

T - Lymphocytes

-Fight against virus infected cells and tumor cells

B - Lymphocytes

-become plasma cells

-produce antibodies

Lymphocytes

Kill a variety of microbes and certain tumor cells

Found in spleen, lymph nodes and red bone marrow

Release proteins that destroy the target cell's membrane

Less than 1% of total blood volume

(outnumbered by RBC's 700:1)

Only live a few days

During infection may only live a few hours

T and B cells can remain in body for years

Increase in the number of WBC's

Normal, protective response

Usually indicates an inflammation or infection

Abnormally low level of WBC's\

Never beneficial

May be caused by

-Exposure to radiation

-Shock

-Certain chemotherapeutic agents

Leukemia (White Blood)

Cancer conditions involving white blood cells

Impairs normal bone marrow function

Fatal without treatment

Acute

-Quickly advancing

-Affects mostly children

Chronic

-Slowly advancing 

-Affects mostly elderly

Symptoms include:

-Fever, weight loss, and bone pain

Cell Framgments, not real cells

Responsible for blood clotting

Stick to the damaged site forming a platelet plug

Degenerate in 5-9 days if not used in clotting

Thrombopoietin, a hormone produced in the liver

Sequence of responses that stops bleeding when blood vessels are injured

Response must be quick, localized to the region of damage, and carefully controlled

Prevents Hemorrhage

Thromboembolytic Disorders

-Too much clotting

Bleeding Disorders

-Too little clotting

Thrombus

-Clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel

-Too large, may block circulation

Embolus

-Free floating thrombus

-Complications?

Thrombus:

Thrombocytopenia

-Not enough circulating platelets

-Spontaneous bleeding

-Normal movement causes hemorrhage

Bleeding disorders cont.

Hemophilia 

-hereditary bleeding disorders

-Sex linked, primarily in males

-Bleeding occurs spontaneously or after only minor trauma

-increase hemoglobin, RBC and platelet count

-Oxygen carrying capacity of blood increased for a limited time after massage

-Enhanced overall nutrition of tissues throughout body

Blood Groups

-ABO Blood Groups

-Rh Blood Groups

-A

-B

-AB

-least common

-O

- Most comon

Blood Types 

Most Americans are Rh positive (85%)

-Carry Rh antigen

Reported with blood type (O+, A-, etc.)

Hemolytic disease of the newborn

Problem occurs when Rh negative woman caries a Rh positive  baby