-Blood moves in circles

-arteries->arterioles->capillary beds->venules->veins

-only thick enough for 1 blood cell at a time

-exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes

*composed of simple squamous epithelium

1.Tunica intima

2.Tunica media

3.Tunica externa

-or 'interna'

-lines the lumen (interior of vessels)

-thin layer of endothelium resting on a scanty layer of loose connective tissue

-cells fit closely together & form slick surface that decreases friction as blood flows through vessel

Tunica media

-bluky middle coat

-mostly smooth/elastic tissue

Tunica externa

-outmost tunic

-composed largely of fibrous connective tissue

-function: support & protect vessles

Arteries:

-walls much thicker; tunica media is heavier

-must be able to expand; walls must be strong/stetchy

-more smooth muscle

-higher blood pressure

Veins:

-thinner walls

-modified to ensure amount of blood returning to heart equals amount being pumped out of heart at any time

-larger lumen

-low BP

-closer to surface of skin

R. & L. Coronary Arteries

-services heart

-ascending aorta

Aortic Arch

(3)

1.Brachiocephalic

2.Left common carotid

3.left subclavian artery

-1st branch off aortic arch

-spilts into r. common carotid artery & r. subclavian

-right arm, head & neck

Left common carotid

-2nd branch off aortic arch

-forms l. internal carotid (services brain) and l. external carotid (skin & muscles of head & neck)

-3rd branch off aortic arch

-gives off vertebral artery

-in axila, becomes axiallyr artery

-continues into arm as brachial artery

-at elbow splits to form radial and ulnar arteries

-services part of the brain

Thoracic aorta

(2)

1.Intercostal arteries

2.Bronchial arteries

-10 pairs

-supply muscles of thorax wall

Abdominal aorta

(6)

1.Celiac trunk

2.Superior mesenteric artery

3.Renal artery

4.Gonadal artery

5.Lumbar arteries

6.Common iliac arteries

-1st branch of abdominal aorta

-single vessel

-3 branches:

1.L. Gastric artery (stomach)

2.Splenic artery (spleen)

3.Common hepatic artery (liver)

-supply gonads

*ovarian arteries in females

*testicular arteries in males

-several pairs

-serving heavy muslce of abdomen and trunk

-final branches of abdominal aorta

-each divides into internal iliac artery:

*bladder

*rectum

-external iliac artery - enters thigh to become femoral artery

-at knee becomes popliteal artery

-splits into anterior/posterior tibial arteries

*supply calf and foot

-anterior tibial artery ends in dorsalis pedis artery

-internal pelvic & external thigh

Veins draining superior Vena Cava

(8)

1.Radial & Ulnar

2.Cephalic

3.Basilic

4.Subclavian

5.Vertebral

6.Internal jugular

7.brachiocephalic

8.azygos

-drain forearm

-unite to form brachial vein

*drains arm & empties into axiallry vein

-provides for superficial drainage of later aspect of arm

-empties into axiallry vein

-recieves venous blood from arm through axiallry vein

-also skin and muscles of head through external jugular vein

-large veins recieve venous drainage from subclavian, vertebral, internal jugluar veins

-join to form superior vena cava

-single veing

-drains thorax and enters superior vena cava

-place where they take blood from

-cephalic & basilic joined at anterior elbow

Veins draining the inferior vena cava

(7)

1.Anterior & posterior tibial veins

2.great saphenous veins

3.common iliac vein

4.gonadal veins

5.renal veins

6.hepatic portal veins

7.hepatic veins

-drain calf/foot

-posterior becomes popliteal vein at knee & femoral vein at thigh

Great Saphenous Veins

****

-longest in body

-recieve superficial drainage of leg

-begin at dorsal venous arch in foot; empty into femoral vein

-formed by union of external iliac vein & interior iliac vein

-join to form inferior vena cava

-r. gonadal vein drains right ovary (females)

-r. gonadal vein drains right testicle (males)

Hepatic Portal Veins

****

-single vein

-drains digestive tract organs & carries blood through liver before it enters systemic circulation

**carries blood high in nutrients (special circulation)

1.Brain & circle of Willis

2.Hepatic Portal Circulation

3.Fetal Circulation

-brain supplied by 2 pairs of arteries

1.internal carotid artery

2.vertebral arteries

-carotids run through neck and enter skull through temporal bone

-inside the cranium each divides into anterior & middle cerebral arteries which supplies most of cerebrum

-vertebral arteries go upward from subcalvian arteries at base of neck

-in kull vertabral arteries form basilar artery as it goes up

Circle of Willis: surrounds base of brain; provides more than 1 route for blood to reach brain in case of a clot

-drains digestive organs, spleen/pancreas

*deliver blood to liver through hepatic portal vein

-inferior meseritric vein drains terminal poart of large intestines

-drains inot splenic vein which drains spleen,pancreas,and left side of stomach

-splenic and superior mesenteric vein (small intestines, & 1st part of colon) join to form hepatic portal vein

-lungs & digestion systems are not functioning in fetus

-recieves nutrients & gases through the placenta

*umbilical vein

*umbilical arteries

*ductus venosus

*foramne ovale

*ductus arteriosus

*ligamentum arteriosum

-2 umbilical arteries

-CO2 and debris from fetus is carried to placenta

-flap-like opening in the interatrial septum

-shunts blood from R. to L. atrium to prevent the passage to R. Ventricle and lungs

-some blood manages to reach the R. Ventricle & is pumped out ot pulmonary trunk

-short

-connects aorta and pulmonary trunk to divert blood away from lungs

1.pulse

2.BP

3.Respiration rate

4.body temperature

-alternating expansion and recoil of an artery

-occurs with each beat of l. ventricle

-normally equal to the heart rate

Blood Pressure

(BP)

highest: point closest to L. Ventricle (aorta)

lowest: vena cava (0)

normal ~ 120/80

systolic #/diastolic #

-Peripheral resistance

-autonomic nervous system

-renal

-temperature

-chemicals

-diet

-amount of friction encountered by blood as it flows through vessels

-increased by narrowing blood vessels due to a thickening of blood

-parasympathetic: little or no effect on B.P.

-sympathetic: vasconstriction

Regulate b.p. by altering blood volume (regular water balance)

-increase water absorbtion increases blood volume and increases bp

-drecreases H2O absorbtion decreases blood volume

decrease bp:

-renin causes venoconstrictor; leads to formation of angiotesin 2 (^BP)

-aldosterone: causes H2O reabsorbtion

(^BV, ^BP)

cold: vasoconstrictor

heat: vasodialator

-nicotine: increases bp by vasoconstiction

-alcohol: vasodialtor; deacreases BP

normal adult (at rest)

~120-140 mm Hg/75-80 mm Hg

*varies with age, weight, race, mood, physical activity, & posture

hypotenstion: low BP (below 100 mm)