Term
| where is the stethoscope placed when listening to the aortic region? |
|
Definition
| between the 2nd and 3rd intercostal spaces at the right sternal border (RUSB) |
|
|
Term
| where is the stethoscope placed when listening to the pulmonic region? |
|
Definition
| between the 2nd and 3rd intercostal spaces at the left sternal border (LUSB) |
|
|
Term
| where is the stethoscope placed when listening to the tricuspid region? |
|
Definition
| between the 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th intercostal spaces at the left sternal border (LLSB) |
|
|
Term
| where is the stethoscope placed when listening to the mitral region? |
|
Definition
| near the apex of the heart between the 5th and 6th intercostal spaces in the mid-clavicular line (apex) |
|
|
Term
| how does breathing affect the sound of right and left sided heart murmurs? |
|
Definition
right sided murmurs increase with inspiration
and left sided murmurs increase with expiration |
|
|
Term
| when do the heart sounds occur? |
|
Definition
S1 occurs during isometric contraction
S2 occurs during isometric relaxation
S3 (if present) occurs shortly after S2 during diastole
S4 (if present) occurs before S1 during diastole |
|
|
Term
| list the order of valve closure in the heart. |
|
Definition
mitral, tricuspid, aortic, pulmonic
AV valves close before semilunar and
left side valves close before right side |
|
|
Term
| what are some causes of an abnormal S4 heart sound? |
|
Definition
| usually related to LVH, decreased LV distensibility, aortic stenosis, HTN |
|
|
Term
| what can cause a widening of the S2 heart sound? |
|
Definition
during inspiration venous return increases, and as a result pulmonary circulation increases, this causes the pulmonic valve to close later, resulting in a widening of the S2 sound (physiological)
during expiration the aortic and pulmonic valves can close separately due to a LBBB which causes delayed LV contraction (pathological) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an abnormal sound that occurs when there is an abnormality of the heart valve
it can be caused by stenosis or regurgitation |
|
|
Term
| true or false, physiological (innocent) murmurs are caused by high flow through a normal valve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| true or false, diastolic murmurs are always pathological? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four properties of an abnormal heart sound? |
|
Definition
location of the sound
timing of the sound
grade or intensity of the sound
quality or shape of the sound |
|
|
Term
| what is a pansystolic murmur and what is a potential cause of it? |
|
Definition
a heart murmur heard throughout the entire systolic phase
it can because by AV valve prolapse |
|
|
Term
| what is levine's scale of grading murmurs? |
|
Definition
rates the intensity of the murmur on a scale of 1 to 6
with 1 being the faintest and 6 being the loudest |
|
|
Term
| what are four pathological diastolic murmurs? |
|
Definition
mitral and tricuspid stenosis
aortic and pulmonic insufficiency (regurgitation) |
|
|
Term
| what are four pathological systolic murmurs? |
|
Definition
aortic and pulmonic stenosis
mitral and tricuspid insufficiency (regurgitation) |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main causes of pathological murmurs? |
|
Definition
normal flow through a stenotic valve
and redirected flow (regurgitation) |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common clinical heart murmur? |
|
Definition
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