Term
| What is the primary function of the upper airway? |
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Definition
| 1.conductor of air 2.humidify air 3. prevent aspiration 4. area for speech and smelll |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the olfactory region? |
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Definition
| receptors for the sense of smell located here |
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Term
| What are the various parts that make up the roof of the nasal cavity? |
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Definition
| nasal bones and the frontal process of the maxilla and the cribriform plate of th ethmoid bone |
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Term
| Locate and explain the function of the nasal septum. |
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Definition
| Located in the internal portion of the nose, It separates the nasal cavity into two equal chambers. Posteriorly formed by the perpendicular plate of th ethmoid bone and the vomer. Anteriorly formed by the septal cartilage. |
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Term
| Name the parts that make up the upper third of the nose. |
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Definition
| nasal bones and frontal process of the maxilla |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of vocal cords? |
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Definition
| false vocal cords, true vocal cords |
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Term
| Locate and name the parts of the pharynx. |
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Definition
| Nasopharynx- located between the posterior portion of the nasal cavity (posterior nares) and the superior part of the soft palate. Oropharynxx-between the soft palate and thebase of the tongue inferiorly (at the level of the hyoid bone) laryngopharynx- between the base of the tongue and the entrance to the esophagus. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the eustachian tubes? |
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Definition
| equalize pressure in the middle ear |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the tonsils? |
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Definition
| lymphoid tissues believed to serve certain immunologic defense functions |
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Term
| What are the functions of the larynx? |
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Definition
| 1. passageway of air between pharynx and trachea 2. protect against aspiration of solids and liquids 3. generates sounds for speech Also: Valsava's maneuver...prevent air from escaping during physivcal work |
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Term
| What are the types of single cartilage? |
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Definition
| Cricoid cartilage, thyroid cartilage and epiglottis |
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Term
| Major structures and generations of TB tree (Conducting Zone) |
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Definition
| trachea 0, main stem bronchi-1, lobar bronchi- 2, segmental bronchi-3,Subsegmental bronchi 4-9, Bronchioles 10-15, Termianl bronchioles 16-19 |
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Term
| Major structures and generations of TB tree (Respiratory Zone) |
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Definition
| Respiratory bronchioles 20-23, Alveolar ducts 24-27, Alveolar sacs-28 |
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Term
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Definition
| Goblet cells, submucosal and bronchial glands (made of 95% water, glycoproteins, carbs, lipids, DNA and some cellular debris |
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Term
| What are the layers of the mucus blanket? |
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Definition
| sol layer (adjacent to epithelial lining), gel layer (more viscuous, adjacent to inner luminal surface) |
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Term
| Name factors that slow mucocilliary transport. |
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Definition
| cigaret smoke, dehydration, positive pressure ventilation, ET suctioning, hig inspired oxygen concentrations, hypoxia, atmospheric piollutants, general anesthetics, parasympoatholytics (i.e. atropine) |
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Term
| Re: Immunological Mechanisms; Name the mediators released by mast cell degranulation? |
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Definition
| histamine, heparin, slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis(SRS-S), Platelet activating factor (PAF), eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), leukotrienes...leads to increased mucus secretion etc. |
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Term
| What happens to the surface area of cross section of the bronchial area as you go down from the top of th econducting zone down to the bottom of the respiratory zone? |
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Definition
| Surface area increases exponentially |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the bronchiole arteries? |
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Definition
| Nourish the tracheobronchial tree. |
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Term
| Name the componenets of the primary lobule. |
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Definition
| Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar clusters from a single terminal bronchiole |
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Term
| How many alveoli make up one primary lobule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of alveolar Type II cells? |
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Definition
| produce pulmonary surfactant |
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Term
| What is the function of th ePores of Kohn? |
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Definition
| permit gas to move between adjacent alveoli |
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Term
| Name the three parts of the sternum. |
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Definition
| Manubrium sterni, body, xiphoid process |
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Term
| Explain the location of the lungs. |
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Definition
| The apices of the lungs rise to the first rib, base extends, anetriorly to 6th rib (xiphoid process), posteriorly to the 11th rib |
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Term
| What is the function of the hilum? |
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Definition
| This is wheer the main stem bronchi, blood vessels, lymph vessels and various nerves enter and exit the lungs. |
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Term
| What is the location of the visceral pleura? |
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Definition
| Firmly attached to the outer surface of each lung and extends into interlobar fissures |
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Term
| What is the pleural cavity? |
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Definition
| the potential space between the visceraland parietal pleurae |
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Term
| What is the function of the central tendon? |
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Definition
| It merges the hemi-diaphragms. |
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Term
| What is the function of the phrenic nerves? |
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Definition
| supply primary motpor innervation to each hemi diaphragm |
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Term
| What are the accessory muscles of imspiration? |
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Definition
| scalenus muscles, strnocleidomastoid muscles, pectoralis major muscles, trapezius muscles, external intercostal muscles |
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Term
| What are the accessory muscles of expiration? |
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Definition
| rectus abdominus muscles, external abdominus obliquus muscles, internal abdominal obliquus muscles, tranversus abdominus muscles, internal intercostal muscles |
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Term
| Explain the function of the trapezius. |
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Definition
| Normally: rotate teh scapulae, raise shoulders, abduct and flex the arms. Accessory function: elevate the thorax |
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Term
| What is the correct placement of an endotracheal tube? |
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Definition
| 2-3 cm above the carina (bifurcation of trachea) |
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Term
| What side would the ET tube typically go into if you missed? |
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Definition
| right side-main stem intubation |
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Term
| What is the location of the glottis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of tissue lines the nasopharynx? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified siliated columnar epitheliem |
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Term
| Where is the opening for the eustachian tube? |
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Definition
| locate don the two lateral surfaces of the nasopharynx |
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Term
| What type of tissue lines the oropharynx? |
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Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium (nonciliated) |
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Term
| What type of tissue lines the laryngopharynx? |
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Definition
| stratified squamous epithelium (nonciliated) |
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Term
| What are three types of tonsils? |
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Definition
| palatine, lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids) |
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Term
| What is the narrowest point in the larynx for adults? infants? |
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Definition
| glottis, cricoid cartilage |
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Term
| Ventilatory function of larynx? |
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Definition
| free flow of air to and from lungs |
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Term
| What are cartilaginous airways responsible for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are non cartilaginous airways responsible for? |
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Definition
| conductors of air and gas exchange |
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Term
| Three layers of tracheobronchial tree are: |
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Definition
| epithelial lining, lamina proper, cartilaginous layer |
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Term
| What type of tissue is the epithelial lining made of? |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelial (ciliated)separated from lamina pproper by basement membrane |
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Term
| About how many cilia are there per ciliated cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| At the larynx, what does the cough mechanism do? |
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Definition
| moves secretions beyond larynx into oropharynx |
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Term
| What are the two major immune responses? |
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Definition
| Cellular immunity, humoral immunity |
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Term
| What is teh diameter of the termianal bronchioles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of tissue are found in the pulmonary vascular system? |
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Definition
| single layer of squamous epithelial cells |
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Term
| Trace a drop of blood through the pulmonary vascular system: |
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Definition
| right atrium of heart, pulomnary artery, branches of smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, pulmonary vein (frehly oxygenated blood) |
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