Term
| ____s are the most common congenital heart defects in large animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Large VSDs can lead to two things: _______ sided heart failure and pulmonary _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common type of VSD is ______ and why doesnt cause right sided heart failure? |
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Definition
| Perimembranous; Blood goes straight to pulmonic artery |
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Term
| In a horse VSD if the hole is less than ____cm and velocity is greater than ____ m/s then should have normal life expectancy |
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Definition
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Term
| A split S2 heart sounds is hard to pick up but if hear it it is pretty specific for ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| Which might not have an associated murmur? ASD or VSD |
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Definition
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Term
| With an ASD that causes heart failure, it will be _____ sided |
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Definition
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Term
| Which is more likely to happen from mitral/ tricuspid valve dysplasia: regurg or stenosis |
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Definition
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Term
| With tricuspid valve (regurg/stenosis) the right atrium wll get gigantic |
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Definition
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Term
| Two requirements for cyanotic heart disease to occur |
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Definition
1. communication bet left and right
2. right pressure greater than left |
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Term
| What aspect of a tetralogy is most correlated with severity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Eisenmenger's Complex is a reverse ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| What's a complication of cyanotic heart disease that makes perfusion even worse |
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Definition
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Term
| a pcv of greater than __ ca be considered hyperviscosity syndrome |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 parts to a tetralogy of fallot |
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Definition
| High VSD, Overriding aortic arch, pulmonic stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy |
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Term
| Other than phlebotomy what is a medical tx for high VSD |
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Definition
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Term
| These two drugs are used to medically treat tetralogy to cause generalized systemic vasoconstriction decreased contractility |
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Definition
| Propanolol; Phenylephrine |
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Term
| Reverse PDAs have to be (small/large) that ultimately casues ________________ and then a right to left shunt |
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Definition
| Large; Pulmonary hypertension |
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Term
| You see a differential cyanosis in a reverse PDA where the ______ aorta is still fully oxygenated |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might you not hear a murmur with a reverse PDA? |
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Definition
| shunt so big not at high velocity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| With a Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA) the ligamentum arteriosum that contrsits trahcea and esophagus will be on the (right/left) |
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Definition
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Term
| Best way according to Jesty to dx a PRAA is a ____ view radiograph and the trachea will deviate to the (right/left) |
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Definition
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Term
| Puppy flow murmurs are usually a less than ___ grade and gone by ____ months old |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might you hear flow murmurs in large breed dogs? |
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Definition
| Just a lot of volume you might hear |
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Term
| Most common congenital defect in dogs with a continuous murmur |
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Definition
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Term
| PDA can result in ___ sided heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
| This congenital heart defect has the 3 "bulges" on a VD radiograph |
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Definition
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Term
| Loud continuous left basilar murmur |
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Definition
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Term
| In PDAs the pumonary vessels should be (smaller/larger) on rg |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do an echo for a PDA when usually pretty good diagnosis on auscultation and rg? |
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Definition
| Look for other defects the murmur could be masking |
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Term
| When should a PDA ( L-R) be recommended to be closed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mortality associated with ligation via thoracotomy for PDA closure is ____% |
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Definition
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Term
| An occluder is a very effective cure for a PDA, however, it is not an option for which dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the type of pulmonic stenosis- like acquired lesion characterized recently in cats? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is needed usually for a PS dog to develop right sided heart failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonic stenosis can lead to _____ hypertrophy and ___ dilation |
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Definition
| Right ventricular; main pulmonic artery |
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Term
| Left basilar systolic murmur in small dog |
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Definition
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Term
| Doppler will help assess amount of pulmonic stenosis because the higher the ___ the worse the stenosis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Which dogs have a high risk of mortality for a balloon valvuloplasty for PS? Which breed is most likely to have this? |
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Definition
| Ones with anomalous right coronary artery; English bulldog |
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Term
| The average reduction in pressure gradient that a balloon valvuloplasty provides a PS patient is ___% |
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Definition
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Term
| You cannot diagnose a subaortic stenosis before ____ years of age- why? |
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Definition
| 1- will get worse until then |
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Term
| Which grade SAS extends into the aortic valve |
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Definition
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Term
| SAS is hereditary in which breed (hint think lake saliva) |
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Definition
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Term
| Left basilar systolic murmur in large breed dog |
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Definition
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Term
| Radiographs show left ventricular and aoortic arch enlargement |
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Definition
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Term
| Along with medical treatment of atenolol what else should you do as a precaution for SAS dogs? |
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Definition
| antibiotics anytime some kinda of risk for sepsis to prevent endocarditis |
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Term
| Which has a more successful valvuloplasty- PS or SAS |
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Definition
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Term
| What fraction of dogs will re-stenose after a cutting balloon valvuloplasty for SAS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sometimes an idiopathic pericarditis can progress to a ________ which can look similar |
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Definition
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Term
| This is really common in horses post mortem but in other species if saw you would think endotoxic shock |
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Definition
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Term
| Look for this in trachea to indicate pulmonary edema |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary hemosiderosis can be due to heart failure but much more commonly seen with _____ w/ or w/o failure |
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Definition
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Term
| Cats like to get what kind of pleural effusion |
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Definition
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Term
| Chronic congestion in the liver : |
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Definition
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Term
| Dilated left atrium in a cat sets you up for a: |
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Definition
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Term
| Which breed is the champion of endocardiosis? |
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Definition
| Cavalier King Charles Spaniel |
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Term
| Cause of acute death in an endocardiosis dog |
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Definition
| Chordae tendineae rupture |
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Term
| Emerging etiology of aortic valve endocarditis |
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Definition
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Term
| Endocarditis in dogs almost always in (left/ right) valves |
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Definition
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Term
| what my be an etiology of myocardial infarction in horses |
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Definition
| endocarditis with broke off veg |
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Term
| Heart base tumor in brachycephalics |
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Definition
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Term
| who gets lymphoma in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four functinos of the pericardium |
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Definition
1. limit acute dilation
2. Maintian heart shape
3. reduce friction
4. barrier to inflammation |
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Term
| Pericardial effusions in dogs can be due to a tumor. What type is seen in smushfaced dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| Pericardial effusions cause a (systolic/diastolic) dysfunction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Other than restricting the right ventricle to fill, what else is a consequence of pericardial effusion? |
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Definition
| Decreased coronary artery filling |
|
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Term
| two causes of pericarditis in horses |
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Definition
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Term
| Bacterial agent that can cause pericarditis in pigs |
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Definition
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Term
| Breeds (2) predisposed to rt atrial hemangiosarcoma |
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Definition
| Golden retrievers; German Sherpherds |
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Term
| Tx for pericardial effusion: |
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Definition
Drain it
If idiopathic/slow growing tumor and recurring can remove pericardium |
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Term
| Why don't you give digitalis or pimobendan to pericardial effusion dog? |
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Definition
| NO PROBLEM WITH CONTRACTILITY |
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Term
| Is it worth removing the pericardial sac b/c of effusion due to a heart based tumor? |
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Definition
| Yes. usually. they can grow slow and can give an extra two years |
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Term
| Four differentials for a mitral valve murmur in a dog? |
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Definition
endocardiosis
endocarditis
DCM
Mitral dysplasia |
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Term
| Five differentials for a mitral valve murmur in a cat? |
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Definition
endocardiosis
endocarditis
DCM
HCM
Mitral dysplasia |
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Term
| Most common heart disease in dogs |
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Definition
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Term
| CVHD more common in (small/large) breeds. However it progresses faster if occurs (small/large) breeds. |
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Definition
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Term
With CVHD gross finding you see:
Shortened, thickened _____a___
Fibrosis of ____b____
Dilation of ______c____
Jet lesions in _____d_____ |
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Definition
a valve leaflets
b papillary muscles
c left atrium/ventricle
d left atrium |
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Term
| In CVHD of mitral valve, the left ventricle at first becomes (dilated/hypertrophic) but then later becomes (dilated/hypertrophic) |
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Definition
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Term
| The _a_ if dilated enough, will put pressure on the ___b____ to cause coughing in a CVHD dog |
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Definition
| left atrium; mainstem bronchi |
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Term
| both DCM and CVHD dogs can get dilated left atria- howevere which one is more ilkely to ret Afib as a result? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name a prognostic indicator that can predict whether an endocardiosis dog will have problems with it? |
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Definition
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Term
Name the CVHD class:
just at risk |
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Definition
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Term
Name the CVHD class:
Asymptomatic with a murmur |
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Definition
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Term
Name the CVHD class:
Dogs currently has or had heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
Name the CVHD class:
Dogs with end stage disease |
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Definition
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Term
| Need to do an echo in a stage B CVHD dog? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which breed dogs at stage B CVHD would you say do need and echo? |
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Definition
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Term
| Four different reasons why would want to do an echo in a stage B CVHD dog |
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Definition
Heart enlargement
Murmur doest match rg
severity unclear on rg
Large breed dog |
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Term
| Main difference between a stage B1 and B2 CVHD dogs is amount of: |
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Definition
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Term
| When assessing a CVHD do for heart failure, if pulmonary edema is present, you might see a mild respiratory (acidosis/alkalosis) |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might K+ be increased with heart failure? |
|
Definition
| decreased renal perfusion |
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Term
| What might you see on urinalysis due to right heart failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| With stage C CVHD need some acute therapy. Name two drugs and two things you would do/give |
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Definition
Furosemide
Pimobendan
Cage rest
Tap thorax/abdomen if effusion |
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Term
| Name three drugs for chronic tx of CVHD stage C |
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Definition
| Furosemide, Enalapril, Pimobendan |
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Term
| For CVHD progressing to stage C- you want to start intervening in the diet. Recommend a (low/high) protein diet |
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Definition
| high ( or at least avoid a low protein diet) |
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Term
| For acute therapy of stage D CVHD dogs you really want to focus at reducing: |
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Definition
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Term
| Along with ACE inhibitors and pimobendan you also want to add these three drugs on board to reduce afterload in a CVHD stage D patient- acutely |
|
Definition
Sodium nitroprusside
Hydralazine
Amlodipine |
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Term
| Reducing afterload is critical in a VCHD stage D dog- however don't get it systolic blood pressure less than ___mmHg |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Stage D CVHD prognosis in months |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| With tricuspid endocardiosis- you tx the same as mitral except you def bring this drug on board ( unlike for mitral you wait tlll stage D usually) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| With bacterial endocarditis, which two valves most common in dogs to be affected? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| With bacterial endocarditis in horses the ___ vale more commonly affectd- second most common is the ____ valve |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| with baterial endocarditis, cows are normally affected on the ____ valve |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What heart disease predisposes horses to myocardial infarcts? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| This heart disease very hard to dx antemortem- really easy to dx postmortem |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| to tx bacteria endocarditis- you must give antibiotics for a minimum of___weeks |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| With mitral valve dysplasia- at what age are you gonna see signs of heart failure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might you see a sinus arrhythmia associated with endocardiosis |
|
Definition
| concurrent respiratory disease |
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