Term
angina of effort, classic angina, atherosclerotic angina |
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Definition
angina pectoris (crushing, strangling chest pain) that is precipitated by exertion |
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Term
vasoplastic angina, variant angina, prinzmetal angina |
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Definition
angina precipitated by reverisble spasm of coronary vessels, often at rest |
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Term
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Definition
older, incorrect name for drugs useful in angina; some are ineffective in angina |
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Term
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Definition
industrial disease caused by chronic exposure to vasodilating concentrations of organic nitrates in the workplace; characterized by headaches, dizziness, and tachycardia on return to work after two days absence |
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Term
Nitrate tolerance, tachyphylaxis |
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Definition
Loss of effort of a nitrate vasodilator when exposure is prolonged beyone 10-12 hours |
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Term
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Definition
rapidly progressing increase in frequency and severity of anginal attacks; an acute coronary syndrome that often heralds imminent myocardial infarction |
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Term
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Definition
filling pressure of the heart dependent on venous tone and blood volume; determines end diastolic fiber length and tension |
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Term
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Definition
impendance to ejection of stroke volume; determined by arterial blood pressure and arterial stiffness, determines systolic fiber tension |
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Term
intramyocardial fiber tension |
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Definition
force exerted by myocardial fibers, especially ventricular fibers at any given time; a primary determinant of oxygen requirement |
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Term
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Definition
the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure; an estimate of cardiac work |
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Term
myocardial revascularization |
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Definition
mechanical interventrion to improve oxygen delivery to the myocardium by angioplasty or bypass grafting |
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Term
what are ranolazine effects on the heart |
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Definition
reduced cardiac oxygen demand
improved cardaic oxygen utilization |
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Term
how does ranolazine improve cardiac oxygen utilization |
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Definition
it shifts the energy substrate of the heart from fatty acids to glucose |
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Term
when do you prescribe ranolazine |
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Definition
for prophylaxis of angina |
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Term
what are toxicities of ranolazine |
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Definition
prolongation of the QT interval
inhibits CYP3A and 2D6
nausea, constipation, and dizziness |
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Term
What is the mechanism of action of Ivabradine |
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Definition
blocks pacemarker sodium current in sinoartrial node this reduces cardiac rate |
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Term
what will ivabradine be used to treat |
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Definition
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of nitrogylcerin |
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Definition
releases nitric oxide, increases cGMP, and relaxes vascular smooth muscle |
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Term
what are the clinical uses of nitroglycerin |
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Definition
acute stable (sublingual form) and unstable angina
angina prophylaxis
hypertension |
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Term
what are the toxicities of nitroglycerin |
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Definition
tachycardia, orthostatic hypotension, and headache |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of nifedipine |
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Definition
dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker;
vascular>cardiac effects |
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Term
what are the clinical applications of nifedipine |
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Definition
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of diltiazem |
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Definition
blocks L type calcium channels in smooth muscle and heart; decreases intracellular calcium |
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Term
what are the clinical applications of diltiazem |
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Definition
hypertension, angina, and antiarrhythmic |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of verapamil |
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Definition
block L type calcium channels in smooth muscle and heart; decrease intracellular calcium |
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Term
what are the clinical applications of verapamil |
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Definition
angina ( both atherosclerotic and vasospastic), hypertension, AV-nodal, arrythmias; migraine |
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Term
what are the toxicites of verapamil |
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Definition
constipation, pretibial edema, flushing, dizziness
higher doses: cardiac depression, hypotension |
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Term
what is captopril, enalapril and other -prils mechanism of action |
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Definition
it is an ace inhibitor
reduces angiotensin II and aldestrone secretion
increases bradykinin |
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Term
what are the clinical application of -prils? |
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Definition
hypertension and heart failure |
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Term
what are the toxicities of the -prils? |
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Definition
dry cough, tetratogenic, hyperkalemia |
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Term
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Definition
family of vasoactive peptides associated with tissue injury and inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
family of peptides synthesized in brain, heart, and other tissues, |
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Term
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Definition
peptides with prominent roles as neurotransmitters or modulators; many have potent smooth muscle effects |
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Term
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Definition
family of enzymes that activate peptides by hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
group of 3 potent neuropeptides, substance P, neurokinin A, and neurokinin B |
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Term
what is nesiritide mechanism of action |
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Definition
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Term
what are the clinical applications of nesiritide |
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Definition
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Term
what are the toxicities of resiritide |
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Definition
renal damage and hypotension |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of bosentan |
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Definition
ETa and ETb receptor antagonist |
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Term
what are the clinical applications of bosentan |
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Definition
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Term
what are the toxicities of bosentan |
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Definition
hepatic impairment; possible teratogen |
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Term
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Definition
macromolecular complexes in the blood that transport lipids |
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Term
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Definition
proteins on the surface of lipoproteins, they play critical roles in the regulation of lipoprotein metabolism and uptake into cells |
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Term
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) |
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Definition
cholesterol rich lipoprotein whose regulated uptake by hepatocytes and other cells requires functional LDL receptors
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Term
what is elevated LDL concentration associated with |
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Definition
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Term
high density lipoprotein (HDL) |
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Definition
cholesterol rich lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from the tissues to the liver |
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Term
what is a low concentration of HDL associated with |
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Definition
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Term
very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) |
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Definition
triglyceride and cholesterol rich lipoprotein secreted by the liver that transports trigylcerides to the periphery; precursor to LDL |
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Term
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Definition
3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase
enzyme catalyzes the rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis |
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Term
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Definition
an enzyme found primarily on the surface of the endothelial cells that releases free fatty acids from triglycerides in lipoproteins
the first free fatty acids are taken up into cells |
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Term
proliferator-activated receptor-alpha |
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Definition
member of a family of nuclear transcription regulation that participate in the regulation of metabolic processes
target of the fibrate drugs and omega-3 fatty acids |
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Term
what are the statins mechanism of action |
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Definition
competitively inhibit HMG-CoA reductase |
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Term
what are the clinical applications of statin drugs |
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Definition
atherosclerotic vascular disease (primary and secondary prevention) acute coronary syndromes |
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Term
what are the toxicities of statin drugs |
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Definition
myopathy, hepatic dysfunction, and teratogen |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of colestipol |
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Definition
it prevents reabsorption of bile acids from the gastrointestinal tract |
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Term
what is the clinical application of colestipol |
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Definition
elevated LDL cholesterol, pruritus |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of ezetimibe |
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Definition
it reduces intestinal uptake of cholesterol by inhibiting sterol transporter |
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Term
what is the clinical application of ezetimibe |
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Definition
elevated LDL cholesterol, phytosterolemia |
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Term
what are the toxicities of ezetimibe |
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Definition
rarely, hepatic dsyfunction, myositis |
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Term
what are the toxicities of colestipol |
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Definition
constipation and bloating |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of niacin |
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Definition
decreases VLDL synthesis and LDL cholesterol concentrations
increases HDL cholesterol |
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Term
what is the clinical application of niacin |
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Definition
low HDL cholesterol, elevated VLDL and LDL |
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Term
what are the toxicities associated whti niacin |
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Definition
gi irritation, flushing, hepatic toxicity, hyperuricemia, may reduce glucose tolerance |
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Term
what is the mechanism of action of gemfibrozil |
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Definition
peroxisome proliferative activated receptor-alpha agonist |
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Term
what is the clinical applications of gemfibrozil |
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Definition
hypertriglyceridemia, low HDL cholesterol |
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Term
what are the toxicities associated with gemibrozil |
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Definition
myopathy, hepatic dysfunction, cholestasis |
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