Term
| Conductivity is associated w/ which phase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Automatcity is the property of cardiac cells that allows them to _______ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Automaticity occurs in which phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The AP of Phase 0 is due to which channels opening |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early Rapid Repolarization |
|
|
Term
| Phase 1 occurs due to inactivation of _______ & the movement of ______ out of the cell |
|
Definition
Fast Na channels Potassium |
|
|
Term
| Phase 2 is the ______ of the AP and is due to an inward ______ _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At phase 2 _______ & ______ currents are equal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phase 3 is ______ and is due to a high ____ conductance resulting in a outwards _____ current |
|
Definition
Repolarization Potassium Potassium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resting membrane potential |
|
|
Term
| In a ECG the P wave represents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase in ventricular AP best represents QRS in an ECG |
|
Definition
| Phase O due to influx of Na |
|
|
Term
| Which phase in ventricular AP best represents the T wave in a ECG |
|
Definition
| Phase 3 due to efflux of Potassium |
|
|
Term
| In a ECG the QRS complex is |
|
Definition
| Ventricular depolarization |
|
|
Term
| The PR interval is the time it takes the AP to travel from the ______ to the _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the PR interval is increased by the ____ & decreased by the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ST segment of a ECG corresponds to phase ___ of ventricular AP. |
|
Definition
| Phase 2 due to outward and inward currents being equal |
|
|
Term
| The T wave is ______ repolarization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phase 0 of Pacemaker AP is caused by inward __ ______ and is the ______ of the AP |
|
Definition
1. Calcium current 2. Upstroke |
|
|
Term
| Phase 3 of the pacemaker AP is _____ and caused by an outward __ current |
|
Definition
1. repolarization 2. Potassium |
|
|
Term
| Which phases are not present in Pacemaker AP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In pacemaker AP phase 4 is a slow depolarization and accounts for ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phase 4 in SA node AP is a result of inward __ current |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal AV conduction is dependent on __ channels at the AV node and __ channels at this His bundle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bradycardia is defined as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Bradycardia is due to abnormal function of ion channels reponsible for automaticty. Name those channels |
|
Definition
1. If (Na+) 2. Phase 0 calcium spike or slow channel |
|
|
Term
| Bradycardia involves failure of _____ ____ to generate escape rhythms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tachycardia is defined as |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 mechanism of Tachyarrythmias |
|
Definition
1. Automaticity 2. Reentry 3. Triggered activity |
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 causes of Automaticity trachycardia |
|
Definition
1. Enchanced normal automaticity at rates faster than usual 2. Abnormal automaticity due to activity in channels or cells that normally do not produce automatic depolarizatoin |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 requirements for reentry |
|
Definition
1. Unidirectional block 2. Slow conduction 3. Retrograde conduction |
|
|
Term
| Define 1st degree AV block |
|
Definition
| 1. Prolong PT interval > 200ms |
|
|
Term
| 1st degree AV block implies a conduction delay at the __ ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the 2 types of 2nd degree AV block |
|
Definition
1. Morbitz I (Wenchkebach) 2. Mobitz II |
|
|
Term
| Describe how a EGC would look like for Wenchkebach |
|
Definition
| PT interval length gradually increases until an absence of QRS and then it repeats |
|
|
Term
| where is conduction impaired in a Mobitz I block |
|
Definition
| Impairment is in the AV node |
|
|
Term
| What's the treatment for Wenckebach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe how a Mobitz II block would look like on a ECG |
|
Definition
| Normal PT internal lenght w/ a QRS being dropped suddenly, such as 2 P waves for every 1 QRS |
|
|
Term
| Where is conduction impaired in a Mobitz II block |
|
Definition
| Beyond the AV nodes, like the His bundles or purkinje fibers |
|
|
Term
| What's the treatment for a Mobitz II |
|
Definition
| 1. Pacemaker becaues it can turn into a 3rd degree block |
|
|
Term
| The definition of 3rd AV block is |
|
Definition
| complete heart block, it's a failure of conduction between the atria and ventricles |
|
|
Term
| How would an ECG of 3rd degree heart block look like |
|
Definition
| No relationship between P-P intervals and QRS intervals |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of 3rd heart block |
|
Definition
| MI and drug toxicity like digitalis |
|
|
Term
| 3rd degree heart blocks presesnts w/ |
|
Definition
| syncope and lightheadedness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid regular atrail activity at 180-350 bpm |
|
|
Term
| An ECG of atrial flutter has a __ _____ appearances |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atrial flutter is treated by |
|
Definition
| Catheter ablation at isthmus |
|
|
Term
| What's the definition of Atrial Fibrillation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients Atrial fibrillation are at a high risk for ______ _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does atrial fibrillation appear on a ECG |
|
Definition
| Complete erratic rhythm w/ no identifable waves |
|
|
Term
| What's the first line for A fib |
|
Definition
| anticoagulants (warfarin) to prevent thrombus formation |
|
|
Term
| After administrering anticoagulants to a person w/ A fib what do you do next |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVC) |
|
Definition
| Ectopic ventricular focus firing creating large, wide QRS complex |
|
|
Term
| Define Ventricular trachycardia (V-Tach) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On an ECG had does V tach present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does V-tach last? Why is immediate intervention required? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What's the first line treatment for V-tach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Torsades des Pointes |
|
Definition
| Polymorphic VT w/ varying amplitudes of QRS complexes that are twisting about the baseline |
|
|
Term
| Tordes de pointe is ___ ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can cause tordes de pointes |
|
Definition
Anything that prolongs the QT interval 1. Hypokalemia 2. Quinidine 3. Erythromycin w/ antihistamines |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Torsades de Pointes |
|
Definition
1. beta adrenergic 2. beta blocker |
|
|
Term
| Define Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) |
|
Definition
| The most life threatening arrhythmia, there's disordered rapid stimulation of the ventricles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. severe drop in CO 2. Death |
|
|
Term
| How does v-fib present in a ECG |
|
Definition
| Chaotic irregular appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
