Term
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Definition
Hardening of arteries; atherosclerosis most common form
Most common cause of CHRONIC arterial obstruction
Risk factor for cardiovascular disease |
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Term
| Arteriosclerosis pathogenesis |
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Definition
Thickening & luminal narrowing of medium & large arteries (carotid, coronary, cerebral, femoral)
Damage to arterial intima w/ inflammation & increase in vessel wall permeability
Permeability allows LDLs to breach intimal layer (uh-oh!)
Platelets aggregate at site of injury
Stimulation causes muscle cells to proliferate resulting in atherosclerotic plaque
Plaques slowly enlarge, decreasing orifice of artery
May rupture --> emboli |
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Term
| Modifiable atherosclerotic risk factors |
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Definition
Smoking
Diet (elevated cholesterol & LDLs)
Elevated BP
Glucose intolerance
Decreased physical activity
Obesity
Weight fluctuations
Ineffective stress management |
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Term
| Non-modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis |
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Definition
Age
Ethnicity
Heredity
Gender |
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Term
| Hyperlipidemia risk factors |
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Definition
Men >45; women >55
Personal or family history
Smoking
HTN
Low HDL
DM
Dietary excess of calories, saturated fats, cholesterol
Obesity
High triglyceride diets |
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Term
|
Definition
LDL <100
HDL men >45; women >55
Total cholesterol <200 |
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Term
|
Definition
Diet modification
Exercise
Smoking cessation
Weight loss
Meds after 3 months of altering lifestyle |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis clinical manifestations |
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Definition
| Varies w/ tissues involved & severity of altered blood flow |
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Term
| Atherosclerosis treatment |
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Definition
Begin by altering modifiable risk factors (lifestyle changes)
Meds to reduce cholesterol
Balloon angioplasty
Balloon angioplasty w/ stent
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CABG) |
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Term
| Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) etiology |
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Definition
Athersclerosis involving peripheral vascular system (Atherosclerosis obliterans)
Disease of superficial vessels (usually legs)
Seen most in older men
Risk factors are same as for atherosclerosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Fat attachment to intima of vessel
Inflammation, healing, scarring,
Soft lipid core beneath intima & scar tissue
Proliferation of blood vessel (diameter & lesions)
Thrombosis
Surgery, meds |
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Term
| PAD clinical manifestations |
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Definition
Skin: cool; decreased/absent hair; dry, thin, glossy; think nails; pallor when elevated, rubor when dependent; diminished or absent pulses
Pain: sharp, stabbing; intensified w/ activity (intermittent claudication); relieved by rest
Ulcer: very painful & gray |
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Term
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Definition
Vasospams of small vessels in digits
More common in women; begins in adolescence
Precipitated by cold or emotional stress
Color changes: pallor, cyanosis, hyperemia
CCBs to vasodilate |
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Term
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Definition
Localized arterial dilations
Arterial wall deteriorates until it bulges out
D/t vascular structure that has lost elasticity & weakened
Atherosclerosis & HTN major causes
Most occur in abdominal aorta, brain, & thoracic aorta
High morbidity/mortality when rupture occurs |
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Term
| Aneurysm clinical manifestations |
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Definition
Abdominal: sudden, severe, tearing pain radiating to back of abdomen; may have decreased renal blood flow &/or spinal nerves/head & upper extremities; renal failure
Cerebral: increasing intracranial pressure, stroke
May have absent pulse in one extremity
Visible pulsation of aorta - do not palpate |
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Term
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Definition
Rupture - death occurs w/i minutes
Dissections - tear in intima
Hemorrhage |
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Term
|
Definition
Dx w/ multiple scans
Control BP & blood volume
Smoking cessation
Once leakage begins, surgical repair is necessary |
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