Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when does the right AV valve open? |
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Term
| to pump the last 20% of blood out (atria fill passively from the vena cava and pulmonary veins) |
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Definition
| what is the purpose of atrial systole? |
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Term
| the right AV valve (tricuspid) closes, and the pulmonary semilunar is forced open |
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Definition
| when the right ventricle contracts, what valve closes, and what valve opens? |
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Term
| when the left ventricle contracts and the left ventricle pressure is greater than aortic pressure |
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Definition
| when does the mitral valve open? |
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Term
| nothing really, they are just muscular |
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Definition
| what do the semilunar valves have to keep them shut? |
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Term
| pectinate muscles with chordae tendonae |
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Definition
| what do the AV valve have to keep them shut? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood in the ventricle at the end of the filling phase (when the mitral valve closes) |
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Term
isovolumic contraction
pressure is increasing to force the valves open |
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Definition
no change in the volume of blood in the ventricle during ventricular contraction because the valves are closed
(is the pressure increasing or decreasing?) |
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Term
isovolumic relaxation
pressure is decreasing so the ventricle can be filled again |
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Definition
no change in the volume of the blood in the ventricle during ventricular relaxation since the valves are closed
(is the pressure increasing or decreasing?) |
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Term
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Definition
| volume of blood pumped by ONE ventricle in ONE contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| % of EDV that is pumped out or ejected |
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Term
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Definition
| what is the equation for ejection fraction? |
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Term
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Definition
| HR * stroke volume; the volume of blood being pumped by the heart (ventricle) in a minute |
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Term
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Definition
| what is a normal cardiac output? |
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Term
| late diastole (before p wave) |
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Definition
what stage of the cardiac cycle?
both sets of chambers are relaxed and VENTRICLES fill passively |
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Term
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Definition
what stage of the cardiac cycle?
atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into the ventricles (20%) |
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Term
| isovolumetric ventricular contraction |
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Definition
what stage of the cardiac cycle?
first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed, but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves |
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Term
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Definition
what stage of the cardiac cycle?
as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, semilunar valve opens and blood is ejected |
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Term
| isovolumic ventricular relaxation |
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Definition
what stage of the cardiac cycle?
as ventricles relax, pressure in the ventricles falls, blood flows back into the cups of the semilunar valves and snaps them closed
(Atrial pressure is not greater than ventricular) |
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Term
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Definition
| if stroke volume is 70mL, and EDV is 120mL, what is the ejection fraction? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| normally about 50mL that is left over before the ventricles begin to fill again |
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Definition
| what is the end systolic volume? |
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Term
| ejection phase (it's getting squeezed to squirt blood out) |
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Definition
| when does the left ventricle have a higher pressure: filling phase, or ejecection phase? |
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Term
| it doesn't vary too much, but goes up a little in atrial systole, isovolumic contraction/relaxation, and toward the end of ventricular diastole as the atria passively fill and increase pressure |
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Definition
| does atrial pressure change much? when does it change? |
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Term
p wave initiates atrial systole
1) aortic pressure continues decreasing (no effect)
2)small increase in left ventricular pressure
3) small increase in left atrial pressure
4) increase in left ventricular volume |
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Definition
| based on wigger's diagram, when the p wave fires, what happens immediately after this to 1)aortic pressure 2) left ventricular pressure 3) atrial pressure 4) left ventricular volume? |
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Term
R-just past S is the isovolumic contraction phase
1) aortic pressure stays the same (slight increase then decrease)
2) left ventricular pressure SPIKES (until valve opens)
3) atrial pressure increases
4) left ventricular vol is constant |
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Definition
| based on wigger's diagram, when the QRS complex fires, what happens during this(say R to right after S) to 1)aortic pressure 2) left ventricular pressure 3) atrial pressure 4) left ventricular volume? |
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Term
as the ventricles contract
1) aortic pressure spikes and drops down
2)LV pressure follows aortic
3) LA pressure drops and goes back up
4) LV volume falls |
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Definition
| based on wigger's diagram,from S to the end of T(ventricular contraction), what happens to 1)aortic pressure 2) left ventricular pressure 3) atrial pressure 4) left ventricular volume? |
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Term
hear the first heart sound after QRS (AV valves close)
hear the second hear sound after T wave (semilunar valves close) |
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Definition
| when do you hear heart sounds using th e ECG waves? |
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Term
| end of ventricular systole (right after t wave) |
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Definition
| when in the cardiac cycle/ECG does the dicrotic notch occur? |
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Term
this is the isovolumic relaxation phase
1) aortic pressure decreases mostly
2)LV pressure RAPIDLY drops
3)LA pressure rises as it passively fills
4) no volume change in LV |
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Definition
| based on wigger's diagram, when the t wave fires, what happens immediately after this to 1)aortic pressure 2) left ventricular pressure 3) atrial pressure 4) left ventricular volume? |
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Term
1) aortic pressure slowly declines
2) LA pressure drops as ventricles fill, but passively keeps filling so it rises a little at the end
3) LV pressure does the same as LA
4) ventricular volume increases as ventricles passively fill |
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Definition
| based on wigger's diagram, what happens during ventricular diastole to 1)aortic pressure 2) left ventricular pressure 3) atrial pressure 4) left ventricular volume? |
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Term
men: 5.6 L/min
women: 4.9 L/min |
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Definition
| what is normal CO for women? men? |
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Term
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Definition
| what happens to CO with age? |
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Term
| elite runners can get up to 30-40 L/min, while normal people can get about 14 L/min |
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Definition
| how does an elite runner's CO increase compare to a normal person? |
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Term
in general they match, but in metabolically active places, such as the heart, O2 consumption is a lot more than it's distribution of CO (so the blood returning from the heart is more deoxygenated that blood returning from other tissues)
kidneys are also like the heart |
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Definition
| in general how does O2 consumption compare to distribution of CO? what about the heart? |
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Term
ANS
ion concentrations
chronotropic agents (drugs)
temperature |
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Definition
| list the things that regulate HR(CO) |
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Term
contractility (ANS)
preload (amoutn of blood returned to the heart/stretch)
afterload (arterial pressure)
ion concentrations
ionotropic agents |
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Definition
| list things that regulate SV (Stroke volume & CO) |
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Term
symp: beta 1
para: muscarinic |
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Definition
| what are the heart receptors for sympathetics? para? |
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Term
| sympathetic efferents from T1-T4 |
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Definition
| what releases norepi to the heart? |
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Term
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Definition
| what releases Ach to the heart? |
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Term
| Gs -> adenylyl cyclase pathway ->cAMP->PKA-> L type CALCIUM channels open -> increased contraction |
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Definition
| what part of the sympathetic stimulation produces an inotropic effect(increased contraction strength)? |
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Term
| Gs -> adenylyl cyclase pathway ->cAMP -> PKA ->K+ channels open -> increased rate of relaxation |
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Definition
| what part of the sympathetic stimulation produces a lusitropic effect (increased rate of relaxation)? |
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Term
Gs -> adenylyl cyclase pathway ->cAMP -> FUNNY CURRENT-> increased excitation and HR
(remember HCN: hyper polarization cyclic nucleotide gated (cAMP)) |
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Definition
| what part of the sympathetic stimulation produces a chronotropic effect(increased excitation and heart RATE)? |
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Term
it inhibits phospholambin (a SERCA inhibitor) so Ca++ stays around in the cell for a shorter time
this allows more rapid depolarization (Ca++ reuptake time is increased) as the refactory period is shortened
(norepi increases contraction rate and stroke volume) |
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Definition
| how does adrenergic stimulation increase ventricular contraction? |
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Term
1) increases potassium flow
2) stimulate Gi which inhibits AC and decreases cAMP, PKA, funny current, and calcium flow)
->hyperpolarization and slower depolarization
note: vagal activity has a more minor affect on the ventricular muscle in decreasing contraction (but it does mess with the rate) |
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Definition
| how does aceythcholine decrease HR? |
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Term
| same as norepi (increase HR, contraction strength, and thus stroke volume) |
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Definition
| what does epi do to the heart? |
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Term
1)can induce calcium release (increase stroke volume and contraction strength)
2)facilitates NE release from nerve terminals
3)POSITIVE INOTORPIC (contraction) |
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Definition
| what does angiotensin 2 do to the heart? |
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Term
| ionotropic effects -> contraction strength changes |
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Definition
| what do thyroxin, insulin, glucagon, and corticosteroids do to the heart? |
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Term
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Definition
| the greater the stress on the resting muscle (_______) the greater the contraction |
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Term
| end diastolic volume/pressure |
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Definition
| what determines stress/stretch on the heart? |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy of contraction of a cardiac muscle fiber is proportional to the initial fiber length at rest |
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Term
| ventricular output (stroke volume) |
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Definition
| increases in venous return or preload increases what? |
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Term
| venous return (the blood pumped out is returned etc.) |
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Definition
| increased preload means increased EDV or ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| large increases in arterial pressure (____) impairs stroke volume and thus CO |
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Term
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Definition
| how much the heart has to push against the pressure of the aorta/arteries to get blood out of the heart is called |
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Term
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Definition
| increased afterload decreases ____ |
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Term
hypo K+ ->low K+ in extracellular fluid hyper polarizes myocytes -> arrhythmias & cardiac arrest
hypo Ca++ -> cardiac muscle weakness |
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Definition
| describe the effects of hypokaelemia and hypocalcaemia on the heart's function |
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Term
high K+: depolarizes membrane potential, causes muscle weakness, blocks conduction, arrhythmias
high H+: competes with Ca++ for binding sites on troponin C -> weak contraction
high Ca++: increased contractions (potentially spastic) |
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Definition
| describe the effects of hyperkaelemia, acidosis, and hypercalcaemia on the heart's function |
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Term
| when it has been hot for an extended period of time |
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Definition
| when does increase temperature not increase heart rate? |
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