Term
| How is the heart oxygenated? |
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Definition
| Coronary circulation: Right coronary artery branches into marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery. Left coronary artery branches into circumflex and anterior interventricular artery |
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Term
| Which side of the heart is the pulmonary circuit? |
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Definition
| The right side. Pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs. |
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Term
| What are the divisions of the heart? |
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Definition
| The interatrial septum divides the atra, the interventricular septum divides the ventricles. Coronary sulcus divides atria from ventricles. |
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Term
| Where and what are the auricles? |
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Definition
| In the atria, increase atrial volume. |
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Term
| What supplies de-oxygenated blood to the right atrium? |
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Definition
| The superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. |
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Term
| What carries oxygenated blood back to the left atrium? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does coronary blood flow during diastole? |
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Definition
| Muscles compress during systole, valves block vessels, hydrostatic pressure pushes blood into coronary arteries. |
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Term
| Why is the left ventricle three times as thick as the right? |
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Definition
| The systemic circuit is a long pathway with 5x the resistance |
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Term
| How does a fetus bypass the lungs? |
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Definition
| The patent foramen ovale. PDA- duct from aorta to pulmonary artery doesn't close. |
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Term
| What are the two semilunar valves? |
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Definition
| Aortic and pulmonary valves inside two major arteries. When ventricles contract, forces valves open. |
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Term
| What are the two AV valves? |
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Definition
| At the atrial-ventricular junctions. Right AV valve - tricupsid valve. Left AV valve - mitral valve. Chordae tendinae/heart strings anchor cusps to papillary muscles and anchor cusps in the closed position. When heart is relaxed, valves are open. |
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Term
| What are the 3 heart layers? |
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Definition
| Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium), myocardium, endocardium |
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Term
| What are the coverings of the heart? |
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Definition
| The fibrous and serous pericardium. Serous pericardium itself is 2 layers |
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Term
| Where is the heart located? |
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Definition
| In the mediastinum, superior surface of the diaphragm, left of the midline, anterior to the vertebrae, posterior to the sternum |
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Term
| What side of the heart feeds the systemic circuit? |
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Definition
| The left side. The aorta carries oxygenated blood out to the extremities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Infection of the pericardium. Fluid buildup - Tamponade. Pain radiates to the back, exertion does not change pain, changing position worsens pain. |
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Term
| What is the pressure on the different sides of the heart? |
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Definition
| Right side - 25/10, left side - 120/80. |
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Term
| What vessels empty into the atria? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, pulmonary veins |
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Term
| What is the patent foramen ovale? |
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Definition
| an Opening between the right atrium and left atrium to circumvent the lungs in the fetus. Closes in a newborn to form the fossa ovalis |
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Term
| What is the patent ductus arteriosus? |
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Definition
| Duct connecting pulmonary artery with aorta to circumvent lungs in the fetus. Stays open due to prostaglandins. Indomethacin closes by inhibiting prostaglandins. |
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Term
| What do the AV valves do during diastole? |
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Definition
| They are naturally open, allowing the atria to drain into the ventricles. |
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Term
| What do the semilunar valves do during diastole? |
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Definition
| Naturally closed, preventing backflow into the ventricles. |
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Term
| What are causes of valvular heart disease? |
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Definition
| Congenital, infection, ischemia, RA, lupus, radiation, drug side effect |
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Term
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Definition
| Forward flow difficulty, valve does not open properly. Leads to a decrease in blood flow. |
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Term
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Definition
| Backward flow problem, valve does not close properly. Also called insufficiency, prolapse, incompetent. |
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Term
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Definition
| At the beginning of systole, AV valves close so ventricles can eject. |
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Term
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Definition
| At the end of systole, the pulmonary valves close so the ventricles can refill. |
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Term
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Definition
| During diastole in ventricular filling, due to a stiff ventricular wall, sound is heard as blood fills the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| When the atria contract to top off the ventricles, ventricles shudder when they are stiff, abnormal |
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Term
| What are systolic murmurs associated with stenosis? |
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Definition
| Stenosis - forward flow problem/Valve can't open properly. Semilunar valves open during ventricular ejection. Aortic or pulmonary stenosis. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy blocks aortic valve. |
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Term
| What systolic murmurs are associated with regurgitation? |
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Definition
| Backward flow problem, valve can't close properly. Mitral or tricuspid prolapse, or papillary muscle dysfunction |
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Term
| What diastolic murmurs are associated with stenosis? |
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Definition
| In diastole, AV valves are open. Mitral/tricuspid stenosis, abnormal blood volume |
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Term
| What diastolic murmurs are associated with regurgitation? |
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Definition
| Semilunar valves are closed during diastole. Aortic/pulmonary regurgitation, or left anterior descending artery stenosis - poor blood supply to valves. |
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Term
| What are the branches of the right coronary artery? |
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Definition
| The conus artery, then the marginal artery. On the back of the heart, the posterior descending artery. |
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Term
| What are the branches of the left coronary artery? |
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Definition
| the circumflex artery going around the heart, and the anterior descending artery following the interventricular sulcus. |
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Term
| What arteries enter the head region? |
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Definition
| The aorta branches into the brachiocephalic, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian. The brachiocephalic further branches into the right common carotid and the right subclavian |
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Term
| What arteries extend down the arm? |
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Definition
| R/L Subclavian artery --> Axillary artery --> Brachial artery |
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Term
| What veins are on the front (Anterior) surface of the heart? |
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Definition
| On the right side is the Anterior cardiac vein (overlaps conus artery), then the small cardiac vein (overlaps marginal artery). On the left is the Great cardiac vein which overlaps the Anterior descending artery. |
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Term
| What are the veins on the back (posterior) surface of the heart? |
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Definition
| The great cardiac vein and the posterior vein (largest vein) feed into the coronary sinus. The coronary sinus feeds into the middle cardiac vein |
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Term
| What veins empty into the coronary sinus? |
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Definition
| The great cardiac, the small cardiac, the posterior cardiac, and the middle cardiac |
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Term
| Which veins go up the neck and down the arms |
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Definition
| The brachiocephalic vein branches into the internal/external jugular. Internal is bigger. The subclavian travels down the arm. You take blood at the median cubital vein. |
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