Term
| at what rib level is the apex of the heart |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the degree of tilt of the heart from vertical |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is the degree of tilt of the heart from horizontal |
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Definition
|
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Term
| does the left or right side of the heart face more anteriorly |
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Definition
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Term
| do all muscle fiber layers of the heart contract at the same time? Why or why not? |
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Definition
| no, they contract within miliseconds of each other in order to squeeze the blood out of the heart |
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Term
| what is a transmural heart attack |
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Definition
| heart attack that goes all the way through the heart, cuts down on heart function |
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Term
| if someone has a little heart attack, where did it occur (probably) |
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Definition
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Term
| why are heart attacks that affect the endocardium dangerous |
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Definition
| we have difficulty knowing how that part of the heart will react |
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Term
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Definition
| bundle of nerve tissue that initiates heart depolarization/nerve conduction that spreads to other areas of the heart. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| from the SA node in the right atrium, where do impulses go |
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Definition
| across to the left atrium and also down to the AV node. |
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Term
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Definition
| another specialized bundle of nerve tissue that's inherent in the muscle. |
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Term
| what is the path of an electrical implulse once it goes from the SA node to the AV node? |
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Definition
| once it goes through the AV node, it goes through the bundle of HIS and splits into the left bundle branch and the right bundle branch and the bundle branches curve around to the peripheral outer side of each ventricle on the left or right (these are purkinje fibers) |
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Term
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Definition
| atria pushing blood into the ventricles. As the atria depolarize electrically, the muscle fibers are stimulated to contract, pushing blood from the atria to the ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| preparing for ventricular contraction. As the ventricles depolarize electrically, the muscle prepares to contract, there's a bit of back pressure, the leaflets open, and the ventria re able to squeeze out blood |
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Term
| is ventricular fibrillation an electrical or mechanical probem with the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| is heart failure an electrical or mechanical problem with the heart |
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Definition
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Term
| what dumps blood into the right atria |
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Definition
| superior/inferior vena cava - from the body |
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Term
| when does the SA node begin to work |
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Definition
| when the right atria fills with blood |
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Term
| what is the valve between the right atria and ventricles |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is another term for the tricuspid valve |
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Definition
| semilunar valve - double check this. I don't think it's right |
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Term
| what valve does blood go through after being in the right ventricle |
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Definition
|
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Term
| where does blood go after going through pulmonary valve |
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Definition
| pulmonary artery to lungs |
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Term
| what does the pulmonary artery do |
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Definition
| bifurcates to go to each lung |
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Term
|
Definition
| low red blood cells; can't pick up and carry as much oxygen |
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|
Term
| how does oxygenated blood get from lungs to heart |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the valve between the left atrium and ventricle |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what does the left ventricle do once it is depolarized |
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Definition
| it contracts and pushes blood out through the aortic valve |
|
|
Term
| which 2 heart valves have the most problems |
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Definition
|
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Term
| why do the aortic and bicuspid valves have the most problems |
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Definition
| they are underthe most stress because the left ventricle has to pump blood out through the aortic valve to get blood out through the whole body and the bicuspid valve has to stay closed while this happens |
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Term
| what are the steps in the cardiac cycle |
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Definition
| vena cava - Right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary valve - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - bicuspid valve - left ventricle - aortic valve - aorta - body - vena cava |
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|
Term
| what are the 2 circuits of blood flow |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| product of heart rate and stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| what things affect stroke volume |
|
Definition
| preload, afterload, contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increasing preload leads to increased force up to a point. |
|
|
Term
| how does heart rate change as we age |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| why does heart rate increase with activity |
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Definition
| our muscles need more oxygen/nutrients |
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Term
|
Definition
| autonomic nervous system, circulatoin catecholamines |
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|
Term
| what is the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
| involuntary input to viscera |
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|
Term
| how is heart rate affected with exercise if a patient is on a beta blocker |
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Definition
| heart rate will not increase as much |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hormones that begin to circulate about 5 minutes after beginning exercise. they cause an increase in heart rate |
|
|
Term
| is the autonomic nervous system or the catecholamine system faster at increasing heart rate and why |
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Definition
| autonomic nervous system because the body senses the need to increase heart rate to meet demand from exercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood that we get into the heart influences the volume that is pushed out of the heart |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the blood that is pushed out of the heart; load against which the muscle contracts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| contractility of the heart muscle = muscle performance; change in stroke volume not attributed to preload or afterload |
|
|
Term
| what things affect contractility of the heart |
|
Definition
| valve issues, scar tissue where muscle doesn't work as well |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| the time when the heart fills with blood after contraction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the frank-starling law based on |
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Definition
| amount of blood pumped into the heart |
|
|
Term
| what do we call the amount of blood pumped into the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the end diastolic volume correspond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| load against which the heart muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
| what does the afterload correspond to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the end diastolic pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what things can obstruct the blood that the left ventricle is trying to push out of the heart through the aorta? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does the aorta turn into inferiorly |
|
Definition
| abdominal aorta, then iliac arteries |
|
|
Term
| which arteries carry blood to the legs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does atherosclerosis affect afterload |
|
Definition
| increases afterload by increasing the pressure/load against which the muscle contracts |
|
|
Term
| how would atherosclerosis in the iliac arteries or beyond affect afterload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of increased afterload |
|
Definition
| slowness of the flow and increased pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is end systolic pressure |
|
Definition
| how much pressure is encountered by bloodflow that goes out of the heart |
|
|
Term
| how can we tell how far downstream from the heart atherosclerosis exists when there is pressure in the heart |
|
Definition
| vascular studies with tubes, doppler studies |
|
|
Term
| what does contractility indicate |
|
Definition
| muscle performance of the heart |
|
|
Term
| what 3 things influence stroke volume |
|
Definition
| preload, afterload, contractility |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what controls contractility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does stroke volume influence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is cardiac output a measure of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if you have a big cardiac output with exercise, is that good or bad |
|
Definition
| good: the entire system is working well |
|
|
Term
| when does catecholamine stimulation occur |
|
Definition
| kicks in after 5 minutes of exercise |
|
|
Term
| what does catecholamine stimluation do |
|
Definition
| enhances contractility and heart rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scar tissue in the heart. Unable to push a full contraction of the heart. Lousy contractility |
|
|
Term
| what tool can measure cardiac contractility |
|
Definition
| cardiac ultrasound, cardiac cath fed through femoral artery into the heart |
|
|
Term
| are nerves reconnected in heart transplants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if someone has a heart transplant, can their heart rate increase |
|
Definition
| yes, with catecholamine stimulation. Need to have a long warm-up period of 5-10 minutes to give time for catecholamines to increase heart rate before exercising a patient with a heart transplant |
|
|
Term
| how do beta blockers affect fatigue in exercise |
|
Definition
| if a patient is on a beta blocker, they will fatigue faster so your goals should be lower |
|
|
Term
| what is the age predicted max heart rate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the aortic pump/kick? |
|
Definition
| the aorta has a little reservoir of blood so that when the artery contracts, it can contribute to total cardiac output via the stroke volume of the heart. This contraction is beneficial to patients with heart failure who have weak left ventricles. |
|
|
Term
| what is the average resting cardiac output in a man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the average resting cardiac output calculated for an untrained main |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is the average resting cardiac output calculated for a trained man |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do trained people have a greater stroke volume than untrained people |
|
Definition
| the left ventricle is stronger so it can push out more blood |
|
|
Term
| what is the parasympathetic innervation to the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sympathetic innervation to the heart |
|
Definition
| rami of sympathetic trunk |
|
|
Term
| what is the mixed nerve plexus of the heart |
|
Definition
| some sympathetic, some parasympathetic innervation in a nerve plexus for the heart |
|
|
Term
| where is the superior portion of the mixed nerve plexus located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of the superior portion of the mixed nerve plexus |
|
Definition
| right coronary plexus, left anterior pulmonary plexus |
|
|
Term
| where is the deep portion of the mixed nerve plexus located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of the deep portion of the mixed nerve plexus |
|
Definition
| left coronary plexus, right anterior pulmonary plexus |
|
|
Term
| how does sympathetic input change with exerise |
|
Definition
| sympathetic input increases |
|
|
Term
| what does increased sympathetic input from cardiac changes with exercise do |
|
Definition
| increase HR and strength of heart contraction |
|
|
Term
| how does the amount of circulating catecholamines change with exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does increasing catecholamines do |
|
Definition
| increase heart rate and contraction |
|
|
Term
| do catecholamines have a greater impact on heart rate or on contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the result of increased heart rate and contraction with exercise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what things increase with exercise |
|
Definition
| cardiac output, heart rate, stroke volume |
|
|
Term
| will a more trained individual have a higher or lower heart rate at the same workload |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does sympathetic innervation affect the heart |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does parasympathetic innervation affect the haert |
|
Definition
| slows it down: decreases HR |
|
|
Term
| what can you do to decrease HR |
|
Definition
| vagal massage (done by physicians, not PTs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| systemic vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| what things affect blood pressure |
|
Definition
| heart rate, stroke volume, blood volume, peripheral vascular resistance, blood viscosity |
|
|
Term
| what is the formula of blood pressure |
|
Definition
| cardiac output x systemic vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| what affects systemic vascular resistance |
|
Definition
| viscosity, peripheral vascular resistance, blood volume |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| overabundance of red blood cells, increases viscosity |
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