Term
| What are the fates of glucose in the body? |
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Definition
- Direct energy usage by cells (ATP)
- Glucose storage (Glycogen)
- Formation of keto-acids, amino acids or lipids
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Term
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Definition
| in the liver and skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Glycogen formation is stimulated by |
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Definition
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Term
| glycogen breakdown is stimulated by |
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Definition
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Term
| In response to hypoglycemia...the pancreas will respond by increasing ______ excretion from ______ cells |
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Definition
| by increasing glucagon excretion from alpha cells |
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Term
| Increases in glucagon will stimulate.... |
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Definition
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis |
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Term
| In response to hyperglycemia the pancreas will repond by increasing ______ excretion from ______ cells |
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Definition
| by increasing insulin excretion from beta cells |
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Term
| Increases in insulin will stimulate.... |
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Definition
Glucose uptake by cells
Glycogenesis (will occur with excess glucose) |
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Term
| Which Glucose Transport Protein is Insulin dependent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which tissues are insulin independent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the origin of Epinephrine? What is its action/effect? |
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Definition
Origin: Adrenal Medulla
Action/Effect:
1.Inhibits insulin secretion (stop glycogenesis)
2.Promotes Lipolysis (Use fat as glucose)
3.Stimulate Glycogenolysis
**serves as a backup to glucagon** |
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Term
| Where is the origin of Cortisol? What is its effect? |
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Definition
Origin: Adrenal Cortex
Effect:
1.Increase blood glucose
2. Promotes: Gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, & Lipolysis
3. Inhibits entry of gluose into the cells
*Takes longer to kick in then epinephrine*
*Antagonist to insulin* |
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Term
| Where is the origin of GH and ACTH? What are their effects? |
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Definition
Origin: Anterior Pituitary Gland
Effect: 1. Increase glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis
2. Inhibits entry of glucose into cell
3. Inhibit formation of triglycerides from glucose |
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Term
| What is the expected values for: FPG |
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Definition
| 70-99 mg/dL (8-10 hr overnight fast) |
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Term
| What is the expected values for: Whole Blood |
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Definition
10-12% lower than plasma
(FPG is 70-99 mg/dL) |
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Term
| What is the expected values for: Random Plasma Glucose (non fasting) |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the expected values for: 2 hr post prandial |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the expected values for Plasma glucose: Newborm |
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Definition
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Term
What are the critical values for plasma glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the levels for Hyperglycemia in fasting plasma and casual plasma glucose? |
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Definition
Fasting plasma glucose: >126 mg/dL
Casual plasma glucose: >200 mg/dL |
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Term
| What are the immediate effects of hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
- Increased extracellular osmotic pressure
- Acidosis (from lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation)
- Dehydration
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Term
| What are the long term effects of hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the generalized causes of hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
Lack of insulin production
Inadequate response
Impaired insulin action |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of hyperglycemia? |
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Definition
Polyuria
Polydipsia
blurred vision
weight loss
increased appetite
increased susceptibility to infections |
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Term
| What is the most common type of Diabetes Mellitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the complications of Diabetes Mellitis? |
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Definition
Increased heart disease
Artherosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia
Ketoacidosis |
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Term
| What is the criteria for diagnosing diabetes? |
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Definition
1. Symptoms of diabetes + random plasma glucose > 200 mg/dL ...or....
2. Fasting plasma glucose of > 126 mg/dL ...or....
3. 2-hr postload glucose > 200 mg/dL during oral glucose test ...or....
4. Hb A1C > 6.5% |
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Term
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Definition
Insuline Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)
--Often diagnosed in children or adolescences
--Autoimmune-mediated insulin deficiency (ab targeted Beta cells of pancreas) |
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Term
What are the lab findings of Diabetes Mellitus type 1 |
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Definition
Hyperglycemia
Glucosuria
Decreased Insulin
Increased Glucagon
Ketoacidosis
Decreased blood pH (acidosis)
Dec. Sodium Inc. Potassium Dec. CO2
(acidosis causes increased potassium!!) |
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