Term
|
Definition
Carbon + Water
-most abundant biomolecules on Earth
-"saccharides"
-yield polyhydroxyl-aldehydes/ketones |
|
|
Term
Monosaccharides ((-ose))
-Glyceraldehyde ((aldotriose))
-Dihydroxyacetone ((ketotriose)) |
|
Definition
Cn(H2O)n (n >/= 3)
-monomeric unit for Carbs.
-all polyhydroxyl aldehydes/ketones ((Aldose/Ketose))
+
-# of C's (Triose, Tetrose, Pentose, Hexose..) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
two monomeric units
-COVALENTLY linked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
when oligo/polysaccharides are covalently linked to to peptides, proteins, or lipids
PEPTIDOGLYCANS: more sugar than peptide/protein by mass
GLYCOPROTEINS: more protein than sugar by mass
GLYCOLIPIDS: more lipid than sugar by mass |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecules with all EXCEPT 1 are identical carbons
Epimers:
D-Glucose + D-Mannose
D-Glucose + D-Galactose
D-xylulose + D-Ribulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
molecules with more than one chiral center
not being an Epimeric Relationship or an Enantiomeric Relationship |
|
|
Term
| Alcohol group + Aldehyde group |
|
Definition
Hemiacetals
semi-stable cyclic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
five-membered rings
-resemble Furan Ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
six-membered rings
-resemble Pyran RIng
-most stable cyclic form of aldohexoses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rapid interconversion between linear form and cyclic form sugar
Only Reducing Sugars undergo due to available Anomeric Hydroxyl Group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
different structures when last chiral carbon covalently bonds to Anomeric Carbon ((Carbonyl Carbon))
-i.e. a-D-Glucose + B-D-Glucose = Anomers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxidation or terminal hydroxyl group to form Uronic Acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reduction of the carbonyl group to form sugar alcohols
i.e. Glucitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, and Erythritol ((artificial sweeteners)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hydroxyl groups of all saccharides can be ESTERIFIED with organic acids, phosphate, and sulfate
on mono/di/polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aldoses
catalyzed enzyme substitution in which one hydroxyl group is replaced by an amino group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anomeric Hydroxyl group on opposite side of terminal carbon
-terminal carbons usually point up in D-sugars |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anom. Hydroxyl on same plane as terminal carbon |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
1) Forming Aldonic Acids (Reducing Sugars) |
|
Definition
Oxidation of aldehyde --> Carboxylic Acid
-Tollen's Reagent
-Benedict's Reagent
reagents used in lab to test for sugars in bodily fluid |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
2) Forming Uronic Acids |
|
Definition
| ((especially hexoses)) enzymatically oxidizing the last carbon of monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
3) Forming Sugar Alcohols |
|
Definition
Reducing the CARBONYL group on sugars to hydroxyl groups
i.e. ((artificial sweeteners)) Glucitol, Mannitol, Xylitol, and Erythritol |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
4) Esterifying functional groups |
|
Definition
Esterifying HYDROXYL groups with functional groups: organic acids, phosphate, or sulfate
of mono/di/poly-saccharides |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
5) Forming Deoxysugars |
|
Definition
enzymatically/chemically reducing MONOSACCHARIDE HYDROXYL groups
-2-Deoxyribose = important deoxysugar in deoxyribonucleotides |
|
|
Term
Carbohydrates: Chemical Properties
6) Forming Amino Sugars |
|
Definition
Aldoses undergoing enzyme catalyzed substitution
-OH ---> ((subs.)) ---> -NH3
-NH3 replace OH on C2 of glucose, galactose, or mannose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amino groups (non-enzymatically rxt) with aldehyde group of MONOSACCHARIDES. ((slowly))
Rate: temp. and monosaccharde conc. dependent
formation of Glycation Adducts- now undergo add. chem. rxns. forming protein bound compounds ADVANCED GLYCATION END product ((AGE))
-correlation to disruption of long-lived proteins ((collagen or elastin)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
covalent bonds involving ANOMERIC -OH group and -OH of another sugar
Hemiacetal ---> Acetal
Hemiketal ---> Ketal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose (a1-4) Glucose
partial hydrolysis of polysaccharides
"malted" = broken down to maltose
A.OH ---C4 OH
((a+a))
Reducing Sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Galactose (B1-4) Glucose
sugar present in mammalian milk
A.OH ---C4 OH
((B+B))
Reducing Sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose (a1-B2) Fructose
sugar purified from sugar cane
(a) A. OH --- (B) A. OH
NOT a reducing sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sugar circulates hemolymph of arthropods (insects + crustaceans)
Glucose (a1-a1) Glucose
Not a Reducing Sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
polysaccharides composed of a single type of monosaccharide
i.e. Glucans, Mannans, and Levans ((fructose homopolymer)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polysaccharide composed of a variety / modified monosaccharides |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose - (B1-4) - Glucose
Cellulase Enzyme necessary to hydrolyze |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
storage unit of glucose in plant cells
-hydrolyzed for energy and/or Carbon Precursor
-2 Polymers: Amylose + Amylopectin
Amylose: LINEAR (a1-4) glycosidic bonds
Amylopectin: BRANCHED (a1-4) glycosidic bonds
every 24-30 residues, branch occurs (a1-6) glycosidic bond |
|
|
