glucose + fructose

nonreducing sugar

both aldo and keto groups

Benedicts reagent→Negative

galactose + glucose

B(1,4) or a(1,4)

milk sugars

glucose + glucose

a(1,4) or B(1,4)

Malt sugar (beer, grains, etc)

formed by linking two B-D-Glucose molecules to give a 1,4 glycosidic link

comes from degrading cellulose

short chains of saccharides clumped together

often attached to proteins or lipids

3-12 monosacchrides linked by glycosidic bonds

chains

branched

or

unbranched

one type of monosacchride

storage

starch (plants: amylose, amylopectin)

Glycogen (human)

Cellulose (plant cell walls)

Chiten (invertibrate creatures)

plant structure

liner homopolymer

B(1,4) D-glucose

repeating disacchride is B-cellobiose

Cellulase (humans do not have this)

"fiber" in our diet

plant glucose storage

alpha linked glucose

Amylose

Amylopectin

(20%)

links are ONLY 1,4 linear

usually assumes a helical configuration with 6 glc/turn

water soluble

(80%)

links are both α1,4 and α1,6

branched

water insoluble

corn starch

Animal storage

branched chain

only one reducing end

attached to glycogenin

Stored in liver and muscle cell

Linear homopolysaccharide of N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine

Linked β-1,4-units

exoskeleton

2 or more types of monosaccharides

Glycoseaminoglycans (GAG's)

Peptidoglycans

Glycoproteins

Glycolipids

synthesized in ER and Golgi

Highly negative charged

most linked to protein via ser or thr, a few linked to asn

most located on cell surface or ECM

"murein"

bacterial cell wall-structure and rigidity

Compounds that covalently link CHO's to proteins and lipids

Proteoglycans

Glycoproteins

have a very high CHO to protein raito (95:5)

Long unbranched chains of GAG's attached to protein

"bottle brush" appearance

Location:

ECM

vitreous humor

cartilage and bone

mucus

arterial walls

Heparin

Mucopolysaccharidoses Syndromes (MPS)

oligosaccharides + proteins

1-85% CHO

variable

branched

not repeating disaccharides

synthesized in ER and Golgi

cell surface

-membrane receptors

-cell attachment

-recogniton sites

-transport proteins

GalNAc to ser or thr

"mucin type"

Glycoproteins: ABO

Type A

Terminal Sugar?

Glycoproteins: ABO

Type B

Terminal Sugar?

Glycoproteins: ABO

Type AB

Terminal Sugar?

Glycoproteins: ABO

Type O

Terminal Sugar?

Clinical Significance

Glycoproteins

ABO Antigens

RBC clumping

(HEMPAS)

Portals of entry into cell

-Bacteria

-Parasites

-viruses

-HIV, some herpes, rhino, pox, parvo

made for type O

some type of seed