Term
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Definition
O: zygomatic arch of maxilla
I: ramus of the mandible
A: bilateral elevation of jaw & unilateral side to side movement of jaw
PT: lays over expanse of cheeks - use gentle pressure when palpating |
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Definition
I: Surface and borders of frontal bone
O: surface and borders of frontal bone
A: ear and scalp movements
PT: over frontal bones between ears, above eye. often involved in headaches and jaw pain. responsible fir many facial expressions and communication. |
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Term
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Definition
O: Mastoid process of the temporal bone, occiput, and nuchal ligament
I: crest of the humerus
A: draws foreleg forward during leg extension, bilateral neck flexion, unilateral lateral flexion.
PT: Palpate mastoid process behind and below ear, follow bony protrusion of wing of atlas. Follow this ventral border down the curvature of the spine to point of shoulder. Muscle changes fiber direction and extends alive the anterior of the shoulder to the humerus. |
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Definition
O: the occiput and the mastoid process
I: the manubrium of the sternum
A: bilateral flexion of the neck (chin to chest) & unilateral lateral flexion
PT: trace back edge of lower jaw. dorsal border will rest just below the ventral border of the brachiocephalicus. |
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Term
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Definition
O: wing of the Atlas
I: distal spine of the scapula
A: bilateral flexion of the neck. unilateral lateral flexion and draws scapula forward
PT: belly smaller than brachiocephalicus but adjacent. trace upper edge of jugular grove from C2 to lower end of the scapula |
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Term
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Definition
O: Nuchal ligament (C2-C7) & spinous processes of T1-T8
I: Anterior and posterior spine of scapula
A: elevation and protraction/retraction of the scapula
PT: like a cape over the withers. find spine of the scapula and trace distally to acromium process. to palpate cervical portion, place fingers under ventral border and move diagonally along the border to the crest of the neck. to palpate the thoracic portion, from acromium process move toward the spine just behind the wither. |
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Term
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Definition
O: Nuchal ligament and spinal processes of C2, supraspinous ligament, and the spinous processes of T1-T7
I:the medial aspect of the scapula cartilage
A: elevation of the scapula, bilateral extention of the head and neck, unilateral flexion of the head and neck
PT: may be palpated near the poll in some dogs. feel along crest from C3 to the wither. can again be felt between the long spinous process of the first few thoracic vertebra and the scapula. |
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Term
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Definition
O: transverse process of C2-T8 & lateral surfaces of the first seven ribs
I: Subscapular fossa (upper 3rd of the costal surface)
A: cervical portion draws scapula forward when neck fixed & extends lower neck when scapula is fixed (serratus cervicalus); thoracic portion draws scapula backward when trunk is fixed,sports trunk when scapula fixed (serratus thoracis). Both portions aid respiration by nature of their rib attachments.
PT: thoracic portion is a bulge behind the shoulder. may soar as a bunch of bananas. cervical portion drop to trapezius and brachiocephalicus at level of splenius. some oblique fibres can be felt at juncture of these three muscles. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Sternum, I: Medial shaft of the humerus, A: Forelimb adduction, PT: Between legs both anterior (superficial pectoral) in the chest area and directly along the belly (deep pectoral). Feel attachments along sternum and follow border from caudal sternum out to inside of the humerus |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Teres major tuberosity, I: Thoracolumbar fascia and spinous processes T7-L6, A: Flexion and internal rotation of the shoulder and retraction of the scapula, PT: Distal attachment deep to tricep |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Caudal border of the scapula, I: Olecranon process of the ulna, A: Flexion of the shoulder and extension of the elbow, PT: Superficial |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula, I: Greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus, A: Extension and internal rotation of the shoulder, PT: Deep to Trapezius and Brachiocephalicus |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula, I: Lateral tuberosity of the humerus, A:flexion, abduction and external rotation of the shoulder, PT: Deep to trapezoid and deltoid with fibers running in the same direction as the deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Caudal border of each rib, I: Cranial border of the next rib, A: respiration, PT: Run fingers between ribs from spine to sternum with slow gentle pressure. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Sternum and costal cartilage of ribs 4-9, I: Cranial & ventral rim of the pubic bone, A: Trunk support, initiates flexion of the back, protects the internal organs, PT: Starting at the posterior attachment of the caudal deep pectoral and the midline of the beely, you can trace this muscle on either side of the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Superglenoid tubercle of the scapula, I: Radial tuberosity, A: Flexion of elbow and extension of shoulder, PT: With one hand on front of leg and other on shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Lateral aspect of ribs 6-13, I: Fascia of the midline and groin (prepubic tendon, coxal tuber, inguinal ligament), A: Visceral support, lateral flexion of the trunk, assists in protraction of the hindlimb, PT: Superficial, can be felt across the expanse of the belly from mid-rib cage to groin with fiber direction oblique cranial to caudal. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Posterior scapular spine and acromion process of the scapula, I: Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus, A: Flexion, External rotation and abduction of the shoulder, PT: Deltoid superficial and fibers up and down |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Transverse processed from C7-L6, I: Sacral ridge and upper ilium, A, Extension of the spine, lateral flexion of the spine, and stabilization of the spine, PT: Longest muscle in the body – Cervical portion deep to scapula so difficult to palpate – muscle rests in laminar groove and is fairly narrow at the level of the wither, thickens in the lumbar region, then broadens and thins as the fibers intersperse into the gluteal fascia. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| (root) Pertaining to the arm, e.g. Biceps brachii, brachiocephalicus |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| (root) Pertaining to the head, e.g. Brachiocephalicus |
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| Crown Metacarpus (pastern) Thigh |
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| (root) Pertaining to the arm, e.g. Biceps brachii, brachiocephalicus |
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Term
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Definition
| (root) Pertaining to the head, e.g. Brachiocephalicus |
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Term
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Definition
| root) Pertaining to the ribs, e.g. Costovertebral joint |
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Definition
| (root) Pertaining to the shoulder, e.g. Humerus |
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Definition
| (root) Pertaining to the side, e.g. Bilateral |
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Definition
| (root) Pertaining to the shoulder, e.g. Omotransversarius |
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Term
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Definition
| (root) Pertaining to the hip bone, e.g. Pelvis, pelvic |
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Term
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Definition
| (root) Pertaining to the chest, e.g. Thorax |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) Away from, e.g. Abduction, abnormal, |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) To, toward, e.g. Adduction, adjunct |
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Definition
| (prefix) Two, double, e.g. Bilateral, bicycl |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) Below, e.g. Infraspinatus, infrastructure |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) Before, in front, e.g. Proceed |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) Four, e.g. Quadriceps, quadruped, |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) Above, e.g. Supraspinous |
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Definition
| (prefix) With, together, e.g. Synthesis, symphysis |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) Three, e.g. Triceps, tricycle |
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Term
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Definition
| (prefix) One, single, e.g. Unilateral, unicycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the tail (also: Posterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the head (also: Anterior) |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the core Into the body from any direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Used with limbs; further from body/core; Think |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the back, top, sky, e.g. Dorsal fin of the dolphin |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the side, Latus = flank |
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the midline, Think |
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Definition
| Used with limbs; closer to body/core Think |
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Definition
| Toward the surface In any direction from body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Toward the belly, bottom, ground |
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Term
| Dorsal Plane or Frontal Plane |
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Definition
| Divides the body into upper and lower sections |
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Term
| Transverse or Coronal Plane |
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Definition
| Divides the body into forward and rearward sections |
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Term
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Definition
| Divides the body into left and right halves (medius = middle) |
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Term
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Definition
| Divides the body into left and right sections, but not into equal halves (sagitta = arrow) |
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Term
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Definition
| M: arc, EX: inguinal arch |
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Term
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Definition
| M: knuckle, EX: lateral femoral condyle |
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Term
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Definition
| M: prominent ridge, EX: crest of the ilium |
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Term
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Definition
| M: above the knuckle, EX: medial epicondyle |
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Term
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Definition
| M: bowl, EX: supraspinous fossa |
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Term
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Definition
| M: cup shaped, EX: supraglenoid fossa |
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Term
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Definition
| M: projection, EX: spinous process |
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Term
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Definition
| M: ridge, EX: spine of the scapula |
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Term
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Definition
| M: large process EX: greater trochanter |
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Term
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Definition
| M: root or bulb, EX: tuber coxae |
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Term
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Definition
| M: small round bump, EX: lesser tubercle of the humerus |
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Term
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Definition
| M: large round bump, EX: radial tuberosity |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Ventral to the eye on the lateral aspect of the skull, Mm: Masseter |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Caudal portion of the lower jaw from the corner across the fossa to the coronoid process, Mm: Masseter |
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Term
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Definition
| L: From the ears and eyes to the midline of the skull, Mm: Frontalis |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Caudal to the ramus of the mandible andmedial on the temporal bone of the skull, Mm: Brachiocephalicus, Sternocephalicus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Along the edge of the occipital bone where the skull and the first cervical vertebrae articulate, Mm: Brachiocephalicus |
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Term
| Cranial Border of the Scapula |
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Definition
| L: Along the cranial edge or anterior of the scapula, Mm: N/A |
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Term
| Caudal Border of the Scapula |
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Definition
| L: Along the caudal edge or posterior of the scapula Mm: Deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the medial surface of the scapula between the scapula and the ribs, Mm: Rhomboid, Serratus ventralis |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the cranial distal edge of the scapula just proximal to the shoulder joint, Mm: Bicep brachii |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the cranial half of the scapula from, the cranial border to the spine of the scapula, Mm: Supraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: A ridge that bisects the scapula longitudinally (top to bottom), Mm: Trapezius |
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Term
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Definition
| L: The round projection at the most distal aspect of the spine of the scapula, Mm: Deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the caudal half of the scapula from the posterior border to the spine, Mm: Infraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Small rounded projection on the anterior head of the humerus, Mm: Supraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Small rounded projection on the medial head of the humerus, Mm: Supraspinatus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Prominent ridge along the anterior humerus distal to the greater tubercle, Mm: Deltoid |
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Term
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Definition
| L: In the posterior and medial surface of the proximal humerus, distal to the lesser tubercle, Mm: Latissimus dorsi |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Above the condyle (knuckle) on the lateral surface of the humerus at the level of the shoulder joint, Mm: N/A |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the proximal third of the anterior and medial humerus, Mm: Brachiocephalicus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: A long projection extending off the proximal ulna (forms the elbow), Mm: Tricep brachii |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the lateral proximal radius, Mm: Bicep brachii |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the ventral midline of the ribcage, Mm: Pectoral muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| L: The first segment of the sternum, Mm: Pectoral muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| L: The last segment of the sternum, Mm: N/A |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Between the point of the haunch and the point of the sacrum, Mm: Longissimus dorsi |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the caudal aspect of the ischium on either side of the tail (point of the buttock), Mm: Bicep femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus |
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Term
| Tuber Coxae (Point of Haunch) or (Cranial Ventral Iliac Spine) |
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Definition
| L: On the ventral tip of the ilium most lateral to the midline, Mm: Tensor fascia latae |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Along the dorsal aspect of the ilium between the tuber sacrale and the ischium, Mm: Internal obliques |
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Term
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Definition
| L: Not a true bony landmark, but the connective tissue between the tuber coxae and the pelvis symphysis (groin area), Mm: External oblique |
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Term
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Definition
| L: The most cranial edge of the pubic bone to the left and right of the symphysis, Mm: Rectus abdominus |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the proximal end of the femur situated in the hip socket, Mm: N/A |
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Term
| Greater Trochanter (Point of the Hip) |
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Definition
| L: On the most lateral aspect of the proximal femur, Mm: Superficial gluteal |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the posterior aspect of the femur distal to the femoral head, Mm: Iliopsoas |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the lateral femur just distal to the greater trochanter, Mm: N/A |
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Term
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Definition
| L: On the proximal tibia just below the stifle joint, Mm: Quadricep muscles |
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Term
| Calcaneal Tuberosity (Point of the Hock) |
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Definition
| L: On the proximal end of the calcaneus bone, corresponds to the heel in humans, Mm: Hamstring muscles, Gastrocnemius |
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Term
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Definition
| O; Ventral surface of the transverse processes of T13-L6 and ventral surface of the illium, I: Lesser trochanter of the femur, A: Hip flexion, PT: Combination of Psoas Major (upper branch) and Illiacus (lower branch) muscles. Tricky to palpate but can be outlined. May contribute to low back pain, low of power or step behind, or pelvic misalignment. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Sacrum, illiac spine, and gluteal fascia. I: Greater trochanter of the femur, A: Hip abduction and extension, PT: Find point of sacrum and rest fingers just lateral - moving toward hip joint find triangle of muscle ventral and anterior to the base of the tail. Smaller of the two glutes that can be palpated on the surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Crest and gluteal surface of the ilium, I: Greater trochanter, A: Hip extension, internal rotation, and abduction, PT: Caudal portion deep to the superficialis. Walk fingers forward from sacrum to gluteal fascial - muscle extends into lumbar fascia and fibers run front to back with and oblique angle. Travel along the sacral ridge and then down to the hip. |
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Term
| Tensor Fascia Latae (TFL) |
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Definition
| O: Tuber coxae (point of haunch or cranial central iliac spine), I: Lateral femoral fascia to the tibial tuberosity, A: Hip flexion, stifle extension, PT: Visible posterior to the flank. Place fingers on the point of haunch, trace the line to the stifle alont the anterior border of the TFL. Fibers are concentrated in a triangle at the top of the muscle, overlapping the cranial border of the gluteal superficialis and blending into the crural fascia of the upper thigh. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Sacrotuberous ligament and the ischial tuberosities, I: Posterior femur, anterior patella, and the lateral patellar ligaments, tibial crest and the point of hock, A: Extends the limb (hip, stifle and hock), and can flex the stifle depending on the position of the leg, PT: Large superficial muscle seen and palpated at the lateral thigh posterior to the hip joint. Belly is thick and bulges prominently before blending into the crural fascia. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Ischial tuberosities, I: posterior tibia, crural fascia and the point of hock, A> Hip extension, hock extension, stifle flexion or extension (depending on position of leg), PT: Superficial just posterior to bicep femoris on the back of hindquarter. Visually distinct thick head located on either side of the tail - find the ischial tuberosities and follow the fibers down to the point of hock. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| O: Ischial tuberosities, I: medial epicondyle of the femur and the medial head of the tibia, A: Hip extension, stifle flexion or extension (depending on the position of the leg), PT: Place hand on inside of leg either side of tail - is first muscle belly you cross.Follow fibers from ischial tuberosities down to the medial side of the stifle. |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Ventral aspect of pelvis, I: Medial aspect of femur, A: Adduct limb (Adductor group) |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Pelvic symphysis, I: Medial aspect of the stifle and calcaneus, A: Adduct limb and extend hock (Adductor group) |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Ventral aspect of the ilium, I: Medial aspect of the femur and patella, A: Hip flexion and limb adduction (Adductor group) |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Prepublic tendon, I: Medial aspect of the femur, A: Adduct the limb (Adductor group) |
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Term
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Definition
| Bicep femoris, Semitendenosis, and Semimembranosis |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Four headed - rectus femoris=cranial ventral spine of the ilium (point of haunch); vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius =lateral, medial, and anterior surface of the femur, I Proximal cranial tibia, A: Stifle extension (all four heads), Hip flexion (rectus femoris only), PT: Deep to TFL and biceps femoris, some fibers can be palpated between these two muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| O: Medial and lateral condyles of the femur, I: Calcaneal tuber (point of hock), A: Hock extension and stifle flexion, PT: Place hand on back of hindleg between stifle and hock to feel large bulge of gastrocnemius |
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Term
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Definition
Most common, most moveable.
Have supportive fibrous capsule surrounding the articulating surface of the joint and lubricating synovial fluid within the capsule
Pad of articular cartilage at the edges of the bones to protect the bones in movement
can bend, flex, compress, rotate and stretch
6 types: Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Ellipsoids, Ball and socket, Saddle |
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Term
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Definition
Connects bones along a tight knit suture line - as in the skull and pelvis.
Movement is limited to the amount of stretch between receptors within the suture line |
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Term
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Definition
Joint covered in cartilage to allow more movement than a fibrous joint but less than a synovial joint.
Ex: the joint between the manubrium and the sternum. Also the growth regions of the long bones in young animals and intervertebral disks.
Join along a line called a symphysis such as that between the right and left half of the pubic bone |
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Term
| Common joint dysfunctions |
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Definition
osteoarthritis
hip or elbow dysplasia
inflammation due to strain or injury to supporting ligaments or tendons |
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Term
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Definition
Water
Proteins
Lipids (fat)
Salt
Minerals
Sugar |
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Term
| Some types of Soft Tissue |
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Definition
Ligament
Muscle
Fascia
Tendon |
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Term
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Definition
Create Movement
Prevent hypermobility
Posture
Transport nutrients and fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| Water, collagen and other proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| It supports or lies between and around all other tissue. Connective tissue that permeates the human body, interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, organs, nerves, blood vessels and other structures. Uninterupted from head to toe. |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of connective tissue just below the skin or closest to the body that can usually be palpated. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes the fascia between the muscle and the bone, the periosteum, and membranes of the internal viscera, and others that are less accessible. |
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Term
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Definition
| fascia associated with the muscle and its neural components. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheathe of connective tissue surrounding each bone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Broad, flat surface of the shoulder |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleeve around the forearm |
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Term
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Definition
| Extends from the withers to the sacrum |
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Term
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Definition
| area of restriction along the belly |
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Term
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Definition
| Enfolds the stifle and dictates its flexibility |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Caudal to the thoracolumbar fascia to the dock of tail |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheaths around joints of the limbs (support and flexibility) |
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Term
| Divisions of the Nervous System |
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Definition
Centeral Nervous System (CNS)
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
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Term
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Definition
Brain and Spinal Column
Stores and processes information, selects information |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
Distributed throughout the body
Collects information or stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| Controls involuntary actions of the body such as heartbeat, glandular secretion, breathing, etc. |
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Term
| Two branches of the Autonomic Nervous System |
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Definition
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic |
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Term
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Definition
Fight or flight
Excitatory
Contained in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar portions of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
Rest and digest
Contained in the cranial and sacral nerve groups |
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Term
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Definition
Connect muscle to bone
Support articulating bone
Have connective tissue throughout muscles
Elastic yellow fibers
Inelastic protein fibers
More flexible than Ligaments = more elastic fibers
Greater blood supply than Ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
Smooth or Visceral
Cardiac
Skeletal |
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Term
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Definition
involuntary, striated
Found in the walls of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
Makes up most of the muscles in the body
Voluntary muscle, anchored to bone by tendons
Greatest direct impact in massage |
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Term
| Smooth or Visceral Muscle |
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Definition
Involuntary, not under conscious control
Found in the walls of organs such as stomach, blood vessels, bronchii, bladder, skin |
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Term
| Primary functions of muscles |
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Definition
Movement
Heat production (by product of contraction)
Maintenance of position of body (stabilizing joints)
Fluid transport (blood, lymph, water)
Nutrient transport
Involuntary processes (heartbeat, digestion) |
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Term
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Definition
Wave of electrical current that travels along the membrane of a cell
Initiates muscle contraction of myofibrils |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that performs opposite action or opposes the moment of another |
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Term
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Definition
ANS
Comprised of motor nerves that control involuntary movement or structures like visceral organs and smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
Long slender projection from neuron
Carry impulses away from neuron
Primary transmission line of nervous system
Bundles make up nerves |
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Term
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Definition
CNS
Brain and spinal column
Hard drive of the nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
neuroglia
Provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin, and participate in signal transmission in nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
3 layers on connective tissues surrounding the brain and spinal cord
Dura matter
Arachnoid
Pia matter |
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Term
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Definition
many receptors fro receiving neurotransmitter
highly-excitable region of muscle fiber
responsible for initiation of action potentials across muscle surface |
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Term
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Definition
aka Effector or efferent neurons
carry messages from CNS to the effectors such as muscles and glands
(efferent=exit CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
aka Receptor or afferent neurons
carry messages from sense organs to the CNS
(afferent=arrives in CNS) |
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Term
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Definition
| electrically insulating phospholipids (fatty) layer that surrounds the axons of many neurons |
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Term
| Musculotendinous Junction |
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Definition
| where muscle and tendon fibers intersperse |
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Term
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Definition
| Smaller divisions of muscle cells, inside of which are the proteins called filaments that cause muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
Basic functional unit of the nervous system
Cells of nervous tissue
make up brain, spinal cord and nerves |
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Term
| Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ) |
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Definition
| Synapase of junction between the axon of a motor neuron and the motor endplate |
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Term
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Definition
| muscle that provides the majority of the force for a particular movement |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of connective tissue to change between a more liquid state and a more gel-like state depending on the state of its energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscle that performs same action in a supporting role as a prime mover |
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Term
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Definition
sense of position and movement within the body
process by which the body can vary muscle contraction in response to incoming information
body's ability to utilize stretch receptors in the muscles to keep tract of joint positions in the body |
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Term
| Receptors for proprioception |
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Definition
muscles
tendons
ligaments
joint capsules
cartilage |
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Term
| proprioception information |
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Definition
movement of limbs
position of joints
rate of muscle contraction
amount of tension exerted on tendons and ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
Joint kinesthetic receptors
Vestibular system
Muscle Spindle Fibers
Golgi Tendon Organs |
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