Term
| What is the head shape that is medium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the head shape that is short and wide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the head shape that is long and narrow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two bones form the roof of the brain case? |
|
Definition
| frontal and parietal bones |
|
|
Term
| What bone forms the caudolateral side of the brain case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bone forms the rostral portion of the brain case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bone forms the floor of the brain case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bone forms the caudal wall of the brain case? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What is the bone that is most rostral, holds the upper incisors, and forms the rostral part of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What is the bone that is medial and rostral relative to the brain case, and forms the nasal roof cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which bone comprises the lateral part of the face and forms part of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Which bone comprises the cranial surface of the the orbit and the rostral portion of the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What two bones make up the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
| Zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
[image]
What bone is medial to the orbit (yellow)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What bone forms the caudal part of the nasopharynx (little green one)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the osseus part of the nasal septum that lies ventrally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
What three bones form the hard palate? |
|
Definition
| Incisive, maxilla, and palatine bones |
|
|
Term
| What part of the occipital bone has paired temporal lines in brachycephalic dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the occipital bone meets at the sagittal and nuchal crests at the caudal end? |
|
Definition
| external occipital protuberance |
|
|
Term
| What is the area of the occipital bone that makes the division between caudal and dorsal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the occipital bone articulates with C1 and is barrel shaped? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the occipital bone is the attachment point for digastricus muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the occipital bone is the opening for the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which bone of the brain case allows for olfactory nerves to pass through? |
|
Definition
| ethymoid bone/cribriform plate |
|
|
Term
| What part of the ethymoid bone allows olfactory nerves to pass? |
|
Definition
| cribriform plate/cribriform foramina |
|
|
Term
| What part of the temporal bone comprises the caudolateral part of the zygomatic arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the temporal bone comprises the middle ear and is the enlargement seen on the caudoventral side? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the temporal bone which is the foramen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mandible is comprised of two parts. Name them. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the processes of the mandibular ramus, starting with the most dorsal? |
|
Definition
| coronoid, condylar, angular |
|
|
Term
| What is the mandibular notch? |
|
Definition
| between the coronoid and condylar processes |
|
|
Term
| What foramen is on the caudal end of the mandible, ventral to the ramus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mandibular canal is a passageway for what vessels? |
|
Definition
| inferior alveolar artery, veins, and nerve to travel through to supply the lower teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are the three foramena on the rostral end of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| rostral, middle, and caudal mental foramena |
|
|
Term
| The mental foramena/mandibular canal are a passageway for what vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the junction where the two mandibles meet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the temporomandibular joint? |
|
Definition
| between the condylar process and the mandibular fossa of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| Which bones stabilize the tongue and larynx by suspending them from the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid component is cartilage and sits most cranially? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
[image]
Translate: Sick Elephants Can Be Treated |
|
Definition
| Stylohyoid, Epihyoid, Ceratohyoid, Basihyoid, Thyrohyoid |
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid bone is unpaired and palpable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of teeth do horses have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of teeth do dogs and people have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of teeth? |
|
Definition
| incisor, canine, premolar, molar |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental formula for deciduous teeth? |
|
Definition
| 3-1-3 (I-C-P) on both upper and lower; therefore 14 on one side of the mouth, 28 total |
|
|
Term
| What is the dental formula for permanent teeth? |
|
Definition
3-1-4-2 upper
3-1-4-3 lower
10 upper + 11 lower = 21 on one side, therefore 42 total |
|
|
Term
| What is the vestibular surface of the teeth? |
|
Definition
| surface facing the vestibule and lips |
|
|
Term
| What is the lingual surface of the teeth? |
|
Definition
| surface facing the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the contact surface of the teeth? |
|
Definition
| surface adjacent to neighboring tooth in the same arch (mesial-midline, distal-away from midline) |
|
|
Term
| What is the occlusal or masticating surface of teeth? |
|
Definition
| the surface facing teeth of the opposite arch |
|
|
Term
| What are the carnassial or sectorial teeth? |
|
Definition
| large, shearing teeth; upper 4th premolar and lower 1st molar |
|
|
Term
| What is the crown of the tooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the neck of the tooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the root of the tooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the enamel of the tooth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the hard substance similar to bone that comprises the bulk of the tooth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| central space containing nerves and vessels |
|
|
Term
| What is the cementum of tooth? |
|
Definition
| thin, bone-like covering of the root |
|
|
Term
| What is the periodontal membrane of the tooth? |
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue connecting the wall of the alveolus with the cementum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the caudal opening of the nasal cavity at the end of the hard palate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the groove on the midline of the nasal plane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covered with non-haired skin, the apical portion that contails the nostrils |
|
|
Term
| What are the bony scrolls covered by nasal mucosa and filling each half of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three nasal concha and from which bone do they arise? |
|
Definition
-dorsal nasal concha: maxilla
-ventral nasal concha: maxilla
-ethymoid nasal concha: ethymoid bone |
|
|
Term
| What are the nasal passes between the nasal concha? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the four nasal meatuses. |
|
Definition
| -dorsal nasal meatus, middle nasal meatus, ventral nasal meatus, common nasal meatus |
|
|
Term
| Which nasal meatus would we pass a gastric tube through? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the face muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the muscles of mastication? |
|
Definition
| mandibular branch of the trigeminal n (CN V) |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle sweeps from the midline of the neck and blends with the lip margins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle forms the lip margins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle forms the cheek? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle lifts the nose and lips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle contributes to the eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of digastricus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle sits at the top of the head, originating from the temporal fossa and inserting on the coronoid process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle originates in the zygomatic arch and inserts on the mandible masseteric fossa? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle runs deep and medial to the mandible, inserting on the medial side of the mandible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle originates on the paracondylar process and inserts on the body of the mandible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lingual franulum? |
|
Definition
| extends to the floor and anchors the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What is the sublingual fold? |
|
Definition
| goes over the salavary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous spicule in the tongue, lies ventral |
|
|
Term
| What is on the dorsal surface of the tongue that has protective and mechanical functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the filiform papillae? |
|
Definition
| on the body and apex of the tongue, has multiple tips |
|
|
Term
| What helps cats with grooming? |
|
Definition
| cornified filiform papillae |
|
|
Term
| What are the smooth, round, papillae scattered on the body and apex of the tongue? (look like white dots) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What papillae form a v on the tongue, look round and lay between the root and body of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What papillae form on the lateral edge of the root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the big, visible papillae on the root of the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the papillae seen on nursing puppies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is at the rostral opening of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What area is between the alar fold and the choanae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which papillae have gustatory functions? |
|
Definition
| fungiform, vallate, and foliate pp |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the sensation (pain, temperature, tactile) muscles in the mouth? |
|
Definition
| lingual nerve (from the mandibular branch of CN V) and CN IX |
|
|
Term
| What is the motor innervation in the intrinsic and extrinsic lingual muscles? |
|
Definition
| hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) |
|
|
Term
| What is the taste innervation of the tongue? |
|
Definition
-rostral 2/3 = chorda tympani (branch of CN VII)
-caudal 1/3 = CN IX (glossopharyngeal) |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the lingual muscles? |
|
Definition
| hypoglossal nerve (CN VII) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the lingual muscles? |
|
Definition
| control precise movement of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What are the intrinsic lingual muscles? |
|
Definition
| the many muscle bundles that form the bulk of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What are the extrinsic lingual muscles? |
|
Definition
| styloglossus, hyoglossus, and genioglossus mm |
|
|
Term
| Which extrinsic lingual muscle anchors to the stylohyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which extrinsic muscle anchors to the thyrohyoid and basihyoid bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which extrinsic muscle anchors to the mandibular symphysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the hyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the hyoid muscles? |
|
Definition
| CNs V, IX, XII, and the few first cervical nerves |
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid muscle connects the sternum to the basihyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid muscle connects the thyroid cartilage to the thyrohyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid muscle connects the chin to the basihyoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid muscle connects the thyrohyoid bone to the ceratohyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which hyoid muscle fills the intermandibular space, and runs to the basihyoid bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which two salivary glands have ducts that open into the sublingual caruncle? |
|
Definition
| mandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
|
|
Term
| Which salivary gland has a duct that opens at the 4th upper PM? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which salivary gland has a duct that opens at the 2nd upper M? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which major salivary gland is monostomatic? |
|
Definition
| sublingual salivary gland |
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the pharynx? |
|
Definition
| oropharynx, nasopharynx, and laryngopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What is the common area where both food and air pass through in the pharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the oropharynx located? |
|
Definition
| ventral to the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| Where is the nasopharynx located? |
|
Definition
| dorsal to the soft palate |
|
|
Term
| What marks the division between the oropharynx and the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What marks the division between the nasopharynx and the laryngopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the laryngopharynx located? |
|
Definition
| caudal to the soft palate, leads to the esophagus |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the pharynx does air go through to get to the lungs? |
|
Definition
| (nasal cavity), nasopharynx, intrapharyngeal ostium, larynx, (trachea) |
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the pharynx does food go through to get to the esophagus? |
|
Definition
| (oral cavity), oropharynx, intrapharyngeal ostium, laryngopharynx, (esophagus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the continuation of the floor of the oropharynx on either side of the larynx where foreign bodies may become lodged? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the annular constriction marking the division between the esophagus and laryngopharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pharyngeal muscles? |
|
Definition
| aid in swallowing, constrict pharynx (except stylopharyngeus - dilates!) |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the pharyngeal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three pharyngeal muscles we had to ID in lab, from caudal to cranial? |
|
Definition
-cricophyngeus
-thyropharyngeus
-hyopharyngeus |
|
|
Term
| Name that cartilages comprising the larynx from cranial to caudal. |
|
Definition
| epiglottis, thyroid, arytenoid, cricoid |
|
|
Term
| Which of the laryngeal cartilages is paired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the larynx? |
|
Definition
| air passageway, vocalization, prevents inspiration of foreign material |
|
|
Term
| What is the vocal apparatus of the larynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the glottis? |
|
Definition
| vocal forls, the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage, and the rima glottids |
|
|
Term
| What is the passageway into the glottis called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the muscles of the larynx? |
|
Definition
-cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
-cricothyroideus |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of cricoarytenoideus dorsalis? |
|
Definition
| abduct the vocal folds to open the glottis |
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of cricothyroideus m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innervation of the cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the ear that is large and visible? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the external ear canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the ear? |
|
Definition
| External ear, middle ear, inner ear |
|
|
Term
| What divides the middle ear from the external ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the middle ear? |
|
Definition
-tympanic membrane
-auditory ossicles (hammer, anvil, stirrup)
-auditory (Eustachian) tube
-pharyngeal opening of auditory tube
-vestibular (oval) window
-cochlear (round) window |
|
|
Term
| How can infections spread from the inner ear to the nasopharynx? |
|
Definition
| The pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube opens externally to the nasopharynx |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the inner ear? |
|
Definition
-semicircular ducts
-cochlear duct |
|
|
Term
| When does the inner ear develop? |
|
Definition
| In the embryo as an invagination of the optic placode (membranous labyrinth) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three concentric layers of the eyeball? |
|
Definition
-fibrous tunic
-vascular tunic (uvea)
-nervous tunic |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the fibrous tunic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comprises the vascular tunic? |
|
Definition
-choroid (tapetum lucidum, nontapetal nigrum)
-ciliary body
-zonule
-iris |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the nervous tunic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sheath of connective tissue that encloses the eyeball and its muscles, vessels, and nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bones of the orbit? |
|
Definition
| frontal, lacrimal, zygomatic, maxillary, (sphenoid, palatine) |
|
|
Term
| What is the spatial relationship between the orbit and the two sinuses in the head? |
|
Definition
-Frontal sinus is dorsomedial to the orbit
-Maxillary sinus is rostromedial to the orbit |
|
|
Term
| What is the thick band that unites the zygomatic process of the frontal bone with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area where the sclera and cornea meet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the vascular tunic is light reflective? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the ciliary body? |
|
Definition
| Hold the lens and regulate its shape (focusing) |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the zonule fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the ciliary processes? |
|
Definition
| produce aqueous humor which fills anterior chamber |
|
|
Term
| What is the flow of the aqueous humor? |
|
Definition
-made by ciliary processes in the posterior chamber
-goes through opening between the iris and pupil
-moves into the anterior chamber
-aqueous humor can move out of the anterior chamber via the iridocorneal angle
-fluids are absorbed into the blood stream via the scleral veneous sinus/plexus |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main muscle types in the eye? |
|
Definition
| intraocular, extraocular, palpebral |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of the intraocular muscles in the eye? |
|
Definition
-regulate pupillary diameter and shape of the lens
-sympathetic and parasympathetic nn |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of the extraocular muscles in the eye? |
|
Definition
-rotation and retraction of eyeball
-CN III, CN IV, CN VI |
|
|
Term
| What is the function and innervation of the palpebral muscles of the eye? |
|
Definition
-regulate the spare and position of the palpebral fissure
-CN VII (orbicularis oculi m) and CN III (levator palpebrae superioris m) |
|
|
Term
| Which muscle elevates the upper eyelid? |
|
Definition
| levator palpebrae superioris m |
|
|
Term
| List the intraocular muscles. |
|
Definition
-sphincter muscles of the iris
-dilator muscles of the iris
-ciliary muscles |
|
|
Term
| List the extraocular muscles. |
|
Definition
-dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral rectus mm
-dorsal and ventral oblique mm
-retractor bulbi m |
|
|
Term
| List the palpebral muscles. |
|
Definition
-orbicularis oculi m
-levator palpebrae superioris m |
|
|
Term
| What are the three chambers of the eye and what are their liquid contents? |
|
Definition
-anterior chamber (aqueous humor)
-posterior chamber (aqueous humor)
-vitreous chamber (vitreous humor) |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the conjunctiva? |
|
Definition
-palpebral conjunctiva
-bulba conjunctiva
-lacrimal caruncle
-fornix |
|
|
Term
| Which part of the conjunctiva reflects on the underside of the eyelid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the conjunctiva reflects on the sclera? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which part of the conjunctiva is found in the reflection of the two conjunctiva upon eachother? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the lacrimal apparatus? |
|
Definition
-lacrimal gland
-lacrimal punctum
-lacrimal ducts (canaliculus)
-lacrimal sac
-nasolacrimal duct |
|
|
Term
| Where are the lacrimal gland and lacrimal punctum located? |
|
Definition
| gland = lateral; punctum = medial |
|
|
Term
| Which gland is responsible for producing a fatty film to keep the eyelid moisture in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the tarsal gland located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the palpebrae? |
|
Definition
-upper, lower, third eyelids
-cilia
-angles (medial, lateral)
-tarsal glands
-obicularis oculi m
-levator palpabral superioris m |
|
|
Term
| Where is the third eyelid located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of cranial nerves are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
-innervates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands (involuntary!)
-divided into sympathetic and parasympathetic |
|
|
Term
| Which nerves have sympathetic fibers? |
|
Definition
| all spinal and most cranial nerves |
|
|
Term
| Which nerves have parasympathetic fibers? |
|
Definition
| some sacral spinal nerves and CN III, VII, IX, and X |
|
|
Term
| What are the four types of nerves? |
|
Definition
| sensory, motor, special sensory, mixed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries only somatic fibers to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carries sensory and motor fibers |
|
|
Term
| What is a special sensory nerve? |
|
Definition
| vision, hearing, smell, taste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major branches of the trigeminal nerve? |
|
Definition
-ophthalmic
-maxillary
-mandibular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major branches of the facial nerve? |
|
Definition
-auriculopalpebral
-buccal branches (dorsal, ventral)
-chorda tympani
-major petrosal (ANS) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vagus nerve
-cranial laryngeal n
-caudal laryngeal n (recurrent laryngeal) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-pupil constrictor m (ANS)
-motor n for extraocular mm and levator palpebrae superioris |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-eye movement
-motor to dorsal oblique m |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the ophtalmic nerve do? |
|
Definition
| skin of forehead and lateral eye, nasal cavity, cornea |
|
|
Term
| What does the maxillary nerve do? |
|
Definition
-infraorbital = skin of nose, face, oral cavity
-superior alveolar = upper teeth |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the mandibular nerve? |
|
Definition
-auriculotemporal
-buccal
-lingual
-inferior (mandibular) alveolar
-mylohyoid
-mental |
|
|
Term
| What does the auriculotemporal nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the buccal nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lingual nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the inferior (mandibular) alveolar nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mylohyoid nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mental nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-eye movement
-lateral rectus and retractor bulbi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscles of facial expression, taste, lacrimal, and salivary innervation |
|
|
Term
| What does the auriculopalpebral nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the buccal branches of the facial nerve do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the chorda tympani do? |
|
Definition
| taste to rostral 2/3 of the tongue |
|
|
Term
| What does the major petrosal nerve do? |
|
Definition
| lacrimal gland, mandibular and sublingual salivary glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vestibular division = movement of head in relation to gravity and movement
-cochlear division = hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pharyngeal muscles, taste, carotid sinus, parotid salivary gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the cranial laryngeal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the caudal (recurrent) laryngeal nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m |
|
|
Term
| What results in "roaring"? |
|
Definition
| damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the epaxial muscles? List the three types, from lateral to medial. |
|
Definition
-"above axis/vertebrae"
-must be separated and detached for spinal surgery
-illiocostalis system (lumbar and thoracic only), longissimus system, transversospinalis system |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the epaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
| extension of the vertebral column or lateral movement of trunk |
|
|
Term
| What are the hypaxial muscles? List them from lateral to medial. |
|
Definition
-lie on the ventral surface of cervical vertebrae
-longus capitus m, longus colli m |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the hypaxial muscles? |
|
Definition
| flexion of the vertebral column or draw the neck downward |
|
|
Term
| What are the nerves of the neck? |
|
Definition
-8pairs of cervical spinal nerves
-accessory nerve
-vagosymathetic trunk
-recurrent laryngeal nerve |
|
|
Term
| What are the vessels of the neck? |
|
Definition
-external jugular
-common carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| What structures are enveloped by the carotid sheath? |
|
Definition
-common carotid a
-vagosympathetic trunk
-internal jugular v
-tracheal lymphatic trunk |
|
|
Term
| The arteries of the head all arise from which main vessel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The common carotid artery splits into what? |
|
Definition
-internal carotid a (supplies brain)
-external carotid a (main supply) |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the external carotid a? |
|
Definition
| occipital, lingual, facial, caudal auricular, superficial temporal, maxillary (main supply) |
|
|
Term
| What are the branches of the maxillary a? |
|
Definition
| inferior (mandibular) alveolar, external ophthalmic, minor palatine, infraorbital (main supply), major palatine, sphenopalatine |
|
|
Term
| Which two branches of the maxillary artery arise from a common stalk called the descending palatine a? |
|
Definition
-major palatine a
-sphenopalatine a |
|
|
Term
| Name the superficial veins of the head that are branches of the external jugular v. |
|
Definition
-lingofacial v (lingual v, facial v)
-maxillary v
-hyoid venous arch (runs transverse, ventral to basihyoid) |
|
|
Term
| What forms the external jugular v? |
|
Definition
| confluence of the linguofacial (ventral) and maxillary (dorsal) veins |
|
|
Term
| What are the lateral abdominal muscles, from superficial to deep? |
|
Definition
-External abdominal oblique
-internal abdominal oblique
-transversus abdominis |
|
|
Term
| What is the ventral muscle in the abdomen, and what are its characteristics? |
|
Definition
Rectus abdominis
-tendinous intersections
-rectus sheath covers both surfaces |
|
|
Term
| What is the midline strip that is avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the connective tissue-filled fissure between the abdominal muscles and their aponeuroses? |
|
Definition
| inguinal canal (superficial and deep inguinal rings) |
|
|
Term
| What is the strong collagenous mass cranial to the pubic bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the abdominal wall arteries that lie ventrally? |
|
Definition
-cranial epigastric (from internal thoracic)
-caudal epigastric (from pudendoepigastric trunk/deep femoral) |
|
|
Term
| Which structures pass in and out of the inguinal canal? |
|
Definition
-external pudenal a. and v.
-genitofemoral n
-vaginal process / spermatic cord |
|
|
Term
| What are the abdominal wall arteries that lie dorsally? |
|
Definition
-cranial abdominal (from aorta)
-deep circumflex iliac (from aorta) |
|
|
Term
| What are the superficial nerves of the abdomen? |
|
Definition
| -arise from T13 (costoabdominal) and L1-4 (L4 = lateral cutaneous femoral) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main cavities of the abdomen? In which cavity do organ lie? |
|
Definition
-peritoneal
-abdominal (where organs are) |
|
|
Term
| What is the fascia that is attached to the abdominal muscles that can be likened to the endothoracic fascia seen in the thorax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three parts of the peritoneum? |
|
Definition
-parietal
-visceral
-connecting |
|
|
Term
| What does the parietal peritoneum do? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the visceral peritoneum d0? |
|
Definition
| covers organs, either wholly or in part |
|
|
Term
| What does the connecting peritoneum do? |
|
Definition
| Connects organ to wall, or connects organ to organ (double layer) |
|
|
Term
| Where is the root of the mesentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the parts of the omentum. |
|
Definition
-greater omentum
-lesser omentum
-omental bursa (superficial and deep layers of the ometum)
-epiploic foramen |
|
|
Term
| What veins run dorsal and ventral to the omentum? |
|
Definition
-dorsal: caudal vena cava
-ventral: portal vein |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spleen in a fetus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the spleen in an adult? |
|
Definition
| stores RBC, produce lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| What connects the stomach and spleen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the liver? |
|
Definition
-detox drugs
-formation and secretion of bile
-metabolism of carbs and fat
-plasma protein production
-glycogen storage |
|
|
Term
| Name the surfaces of the liver. |
|
Definition
parietal - abuts diaphragm
visceral - contacts stomach and kidney |
|
|
Term
| What are the lobes of the liver? |
|
Definition
-left lateral (gastric impression)
-left medial
-quadrate (gall bladder fossa)
-right medial (gall bladder fossa)
-right lateral (touches right kidney)
-caudate (renal fossa and hepatorenal ligament) |
|
|
Term
| What connects the liver to the umbilicus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the free border of the falciform ligament? |
|
Definition
| round ligament of the liver |
|
|
Term
| What connects the liver to the crura of the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the reflection of the peritoneum from the diaphragmetic surface of the liver onto the diaphragm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the gall bladder sit? |
|
Definition
| between the quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
-stores bile produced by liver
-horse doesn't have a gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| How does bile get into the duodenum? |
|
Definition
-liver makes bile and delivers it to gall bladder via hepatic ducts
-hepatic duct joins cystic duct to form bile duct
-bile duct terminates on major duodenal papilla (next to pancreatic duct) |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
exocrine - pancreatic enzymes
endocrine - insulin and glucagon |
|
|
Term
| Describe where the pancreas is found. |
|
Definition
left lobe: caudal to stomach, cranial to the transverse colon
right lobe: next to the descending duodenum within the mesoduodenum
body: lies at pylorus |
|
|
Term
| Where does the pancreatic duct open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comprises the foregut? |
|
Definition
-pharynx
-esophagus
-stomach
-first part of the duodenum |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the midgut? |
|
Definition
-distal duodenum
-jejunum
-ileum
-cecum
-larger part of the colon |
|
|
Term
| What comprises the hindgut? |
|
Definition
-distal colon
-rectum
-parts of the urogenital tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the stomach and their spatial locations? |
|
Definition
-cardiac: near esophagus
-fundus: left and dorsal to cardiac
-body: largest part
-pyloric part: distal, near pylorus
-greater curvature
-lesser curvature |
|
|
Term
| What are the folds found in the stomach? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where can one find the stomach when empty or full? |
|
Definition
-empty: cardia opposite the left 9th intercostal space
-full: caudal surface extends to L3-L4 |
|
|
Term
| Name the parts of the duodenum. |
|
Definition
-cranial duodenal flexure
-descending duodenum
-mesoduodenum (sweeps organs away to see right kidney)
-major duodenal papilla
-minor duodenal papilla
-caudal duodenal flexure
-ascending duodenum (left of root of mesentery)
-duodenojejunal flexure
- |
|
|
Term
| What is contained in the root of the mesentery? |
|
Definition
-mesojejunum
-nerves
-cranial mesenteric artery
-mesenteric (jejunal) lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is the shortest and most distal part of the small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the area where the ileum opens into the ascending colon? |
|
Definition
-below the first or second lumbar vertebra
-ileocolic orifice, ileocolic sphincter |
|
|
Term
| What artery is found in the ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comprises the large intestine? |
|
Definition
| cecum, colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Where can the cecum be palpated in a cat? |
|
Definition
| at the level of the 4th lumbar vertebra |
|
|
Term
| How does the cecum communicate with the colon? |
|
Definition
| cecocolic orifice/sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Describe the location of the colon. |
|
Definition
| Dorsal in the abdomen, suspended by the mesocolon |
|
|
Term
| What are the parts of the colon? |
|
Definition
-ascending colon
-right colic flexure
-transverse colon
-left colic flexure
-descending colon |
|
|
Term
| What part of the colon is palapable? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the rectum start? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the anal canal start? |
|
Definition
| at the level of the fourth caudal vertebra |
|
|
Term
| What is the external opening of the alimentary canal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located between internal and external sphincters |
|
|
Term
| What is a common problem with anal sacs? |
|
Definition
-can become plugged
-leads to constipation, rupture, anal fistula |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles aid in defecation? |
|
Definition
-internal anal sphincter
-external anal sphincter
-rectococcygeus m |
|
|
Term
| Describe the internal anal sphincter. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the external anal sphincter. |
|
Definition
| striated muscle, guardian of the lumen of the anal canal |
|
|
Term
| Describe the rectococcygeus m. |
|
Definition
-smooth muscle, paired
-as the tail lifts, this muscle presses down to assist in defecation
-attached to the ventral surface of the 5/6 caudal vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut and midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut? |
|
Definition
| cranial mesenteric ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut? |
|
Definition
| caudal mesenteric ganglion |
|
|
Term
| What is the major nerve that provides sympathetic innervation to the abdomen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nerves run between the sympathetic trunk and the celiac/cranial mesenteric ganglia? |
|
Definition
| major and minor splanchnic nn |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve runs between the sympathetic trunk and the caudal mesenteric ganglion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerve comes off the caudal mesenteric ganglion that innervates the pelvic organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic innervation in the foregut and midgut? |
|
Definition
-dorsal vagal trunk: supplies visceral surface of stomach (celiac branch)
-ventral vagal trunk: supplies parietal surface of stomach, pylorus, liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the branch of the aorta that supplies the foregut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the liver and gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the lesser curvature of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| right and left gastric aa |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the pylorus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach? |
|
Definition
| left and right gastroepiploic aa, and the short gastric branches |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the duodenum and right lobe of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| cranial pancreaticoduodenal |
|
|
Term
| What major branch of the aorta supplies the spinal cord and epaxial mm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major branch of the aorta supplies the midgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the transverse/descending colon and the left colic flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the transverse/ascending colon and right colic flexure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the cecum, colon, and ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the descending duodenum and the right lobe of the pancreas? |
|
Definition
| caudal pancreaticoduodenal a |
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the jejunum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What major branch from the aorta supplies blood to the hindgut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the descending colon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery supplies blood to the rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three major parts of the portal venous system? |
|
Definition
-gastrodudenal v
-splenic v
-cranial mesenteric v |
|
|
