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| is when there are more than two dominant powers in the international system. sig because it pertains to the realist examination of peace because they believe that bi-polarity is much more stable than multi polarity. |
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| when governments have legal supremacy over political and legal matters within their territory. sig. realism uses this |
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| commonly sighted game in international relations because it captures problems of collaboration, including arms races and public good provisions. applies to the neorealist it applies to the "structure induces behavior" argument because how completely rational and well-intntioned states may collectively produce bad outcomes. |
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| a method for analyzing international relations using math to take rational thoughts and make it more concrete. this is a valid, internally consistent theory explains why well-intentioned individuals may produce bad outcomes. |
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| the ability of actor A to get actor B to do something that B would normally not to. the ability to get the other side to make concessions. this relates to neo-realism because it explains how war is caused when the balance of power is upset in the international system |
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| the treaty that ended the 30 year war. sig because it created the modern state system of sovereignty and non intervention |
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| - when there is only one dominant power in the international system. This is sig cause it defines the post cold war international system and is a quasi-realist examination for peace and stability. |
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| promoting peace and security among all members and it works best when all states are satisfied with the current status quo. it is one of the three prongs of the kantian tripod which is part of the neoliberal explanation of peaceful cooperation among states. |
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| the use or threatened use of violence against non-combatant targets by individuals or nonstate groups for political gains. highlights a flaw in neorealism b.c they assume all stats are unitary actors and don’t take into account the possibility of a rebel terrorist group acting separately from the government. |
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| the use or threatened use of violence against non-combatant targets by individuals or nonstate groups for political gains. highlights a flaw in neorealism b.c they assume all stats are unitary actors and don’t take into account the possibility of a rebel terrorist group acting separately from the government. |
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| International Organization |
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| an organization with an international membership, scope, and presence. they purport to facilitate cooperation and interactions between nations and respond to threats to international security. This is part of the Kantian Tripod that Neoliberals prescribe for peace. |
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| international and systematic killing aimed at eliminating an indentifiable group of people, such as an ethnic or religious group. reflects ineffectiveness of international organizations to maintain peace. |
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| foriegn direct investment- investment in a foreign country via the acquizition of a local facilty or the establishment of a new facility. Exposes a flaw in neoliberal theory because they argue that capitalism promotes peace but with FDI there is a conflict of interests in the distribution of capital between the developed and underdeveloped nations. |
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| the ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than other goods or services, such that its resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. this helps decide which country will specialize in which industry based on their strengths and promotes interstate trade, which is important to the liberal examination of peace. |
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| an alliance formed in 1949 among the uc, canada and most of the states of western europe in response to the threat psed by the soviet union. the alliance requires the members to consider an attack on any of then as an attack on all. it relates to the neorealist assumption that states will maximize their security by balancing externally through forming alliances. |
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| the general agreement of tariffs and trade, international institution where members are committed to reduce trade barriers and provide similar trading conditions to all members. and was replaced by the world trade organization. it shows flaws in liberal theory of free trade because it forced developing countries to open their markets too soon which actually wound up hurting their development |
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| – individually and socially desirable goods that are nonexcludable and nonrival in consumption such as national defense. efforts to produce public goods are plagued by by collective action problems because each group which benefits from the good acts in anticipation that others will pay to produce the good while they continue to enjoy it for free. |
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| international monetary fund. a major international economic institution that was established in 1944 to manage international monetary relations. The IMF has created conflict in the international system because it is unipolar so it creates an imbalance of power. |
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| the 1994 mass killing of hundreds of thousands of rwandan tutsis and hutu moderates under the hutu dominated government under the hutu power ideology. reflects that governments with the power to intervene(such as the US gov't) did not because their primary interests(security and power) were not in jeopardy, which supports ideas of neorealist theory. |
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| institution that encourages and polices multi-lateral reduction of barriers to trade and it overseas the resolution of trade disputes.This pertains to the neoliberal examination of peace and cooperation because it oversees international trade which is one of their principals of peace. |
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| the principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge to a given issue area. it facilitates cooperation because actors work together on common issues |
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| a state of imbalance between cognition (i.e. attitudes, emotions, beliefs, or values). significant because most political leaders fall victim to pre-conceived notions and will deny or reject any new info that is contradictory. |
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| to define a question, form a hypothesis, collect data and perform "tests", analyze and interpret data, and publish results. the scientific method often posts challenges for political science because we deal more with concepts and cannot conduce lab experiments. |
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| retaliatory forces able to rain unacceptable punishment upon a would-be aggressor. relates to waltz and Sagan’s article "the spread of nuclear weapons: a debate renewed" which states that the likelihood of the war decreases as nuclear deterrent capabilities increase. |
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| mutually assured destruction doctrine in which full-scale use of nuclear weapons by 2 opposing sides would result in mutual destruction. Mad relates to neorealism in that it creates for a balance of power in the international system. which promotes peace and cooperation |
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| an operation in which troops and observer are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement. relates to neoliberalism because it explains how peacekeeping international organizations such as the UN promote and facilitate cooperation between states. |
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| Memo that contained actionable intelligence regarding Al Qa’ida’s terrorist attacks on the United States pre 9/11. Raauchhaus used this memo to explain the two types of error which are false positive and false negative. significant because it relates to the two types of error: type 1(false positive) and type 2 (false negative), which should both be avoided but there is usually a trade off |
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| non- governmental organizations private orgs not directly affiliated with national govts and usually focusing on social, economic, and political change in a country or region. ngo's provide information that facilitates interstate cooperation that would otherwise fail, which relates to the Kantian tripod which states international organizations promote peace. |
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| multi-national corporation. an enterprise that operates in a number of countries with production or service facilities outside its country of origin. it is significant because it can affect state foreign policy which validates the liberal idea that 2nd image factors also matter in the international system. |
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| nuclear optimists: ppl who believe that nuclear weapons are good and cause deterrence which creates an international standstill because 1. the cost of destruction outweighs the benefit and 2. it holds the entire population hostage (everyone will die if dropped). sig: nuclear weapons have fundamentally changed int'l relations, and their existence is the only way to eliminate war in anarchy according to Kenneth Waltz |
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| nuclear pessimists: ppl who believe that nuclear weapons EXPONENTIALLY increase likelihood of global destruction and that there is no benefit of the proliferation of nukes. sig: nuclear weapons increase the likelihood of war, points out that problems with nukes exist (they can fall into the wrong hands, be accidentally detonated, etc) |
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| European Union the economic and political union of 26 member states. this union has turned the relations between the european states from a violent one to a cooperative one and is a successful example of a central interstate government. |
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| an exchange rate policy under which a government commits itself to keep its currency at or around a specific value in terms of another currency or commodity, such as gold. this rate policy creates a currency system which is fair for everyone and as a result it virtually creates one world currency |
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| an exchange rate policy under which a government permits its currency to be traded on the open market without direct government control or intervention. under this rate policy, nations have the ability to increase the value of their currency by adjusting rates, which can lead to an economic advantage. |
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| human-induced change in the environment, especially from the emissions of greenhouse gases, leading to higher temperatures around the globe. This an example of how a public good, the environment, has failed to be maintained due to the lack of collective action from the nations which benefit from it. |
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| an amendment to the un framework convention on climate change adopted in 1997 and entered into force in 2005 that establishes specific targets for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and 5 other greenhouse gases |
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| a decision made by the US senate that the US would not sign the Kyoto Protocol because it would hurt the economy. it reflects neorealist states act in self-interest, there would be no benefit for the US to sign because countries like China would still be able to emit large amounts of greenhouse gases |
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| Less Developed Country countries at a relatively low level of economic development. relates to neorealist assumptions in that the pverty of much of the world is due to the structure of the international system because actors are self-interested and the interests of developed and developing countries can clash. |
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Non-rival In Consumption
The consumption of a good by one person does not prevent or affect the consumption of the same good by another person. |
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| Book by Samantha Powers where she explores the US relationship with genocide. Even though the United States has made commitments, promises, and memorials to not letting genocide happen again they do little when in the face of genocide if they have no interests in the country. |
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| Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They are a subset of the UN that issue reports on climate change. Collective action success where they share a common interest and facilitate cooperation regarding global climate change. |
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