Term
| Two main processes of cancer |
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Definition
1. defect in cell proliferation
2. defect in call differentiation (process of maturing, well differeniated cell = closely resembles parent cell) |
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Term
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Definition
Process of cancer development
1. iniation
2. promotion
3. progression |
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Term
| Initiation (carcinogenesis) |
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Definition
| irreversible changes in DNA after exsposure to a carcinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that changes the genetic makeup of a normal call...mutating that cell |
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Term
| factoring that infleunce CA development: |
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Definition
genetics, bacteria, virsus, enviromental, life style, behaviors
also- age, gender, culture, socioeconomic status, occupation, location, immune system |
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Term
| most common cause carginogen? |
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Definition
ENVIROMENTAL!
includes chemicals, radiation, ultraviolet rays, pesticides, tobacco smoke |
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Term
| life style/behavoirs that put you at increase risks for cancer |
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Definition
tobacco use, multiple sex partners, alcohol abuse, IV drug use, unprotected sex, stress, sun bathers, diet!
(stress = Increase catecholimines = decrease immune system)
(obesity=increase sex hormones!) |
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Term
| Promotion (carcinogenesis) |
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Definition
Involves proliferation and tumor development
-prolonged exposure and promoters
+++activities of promotoers can be REVERSIBLE! === |
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Term
| progression (carcinogenesis) |
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Definition
increase growth, invasiveness, and speading!
-established blood supply!
-metastasis! |
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Term
| angiogenesis accors when the tumor is greater than ____CM |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| spread of CA, certain CA have an affinity for organ site metastsis, most frequently lungs, brain, bone, liver, and adrenal glands. |
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Term
| to know if the CA is secondary vs primary you must... |
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Definition
TEST THE CELL! put under microscope and a smart person knows it either
came fromt he skin, or lung or whatever
----BIOPSY----
L/T finding out parent cell = deams tx process!!!!!! |
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Term
| clinical manifestation of CA |
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Definition
-pain
-disruption of function (ex SBO)
-anorexia
-paraneoplastic syndrome
-stressss
-hematologic altercations
-infection (can form fistulas and become necrotic)
- hemorrhage |
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Term
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Definition
-can be acute or chronic
-most serious concern of patients
-Causes: either direct tumor involvment (invades nerve) or side effects of TX :-(
- **pts may use sleep as a coping mechanism
-mscontin q12, percocet prn, or fentynal patch change q 72 hours |
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Term
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Definition
CM of CA
- tumors may stimulate hormone production b/c they need that hornmone to grow...may make it look like an endocrine problem when is actually something totally difffff |
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Term
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Definition
cytology exam...from biopsy by a
-fine needle aspiration, core needle BX, incisional tissue sample, or excisional sample (when they remove entire tumor) |
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Term
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Definition
| wasted appearance of CAs victums |
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Term
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Definition
| CBC w/ diff, chemistry, liver rpofile, hormone levels, urine, stool, |
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Term
| 3 ways to utiliize genetic testing... |
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Definition
-screen carriers and ID people
- assist with diagnosis
-monitor treatment (KEYY) |
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Term
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Definition
tumor markers (not diagnostic, mean your at increase risk)
-oncogenes- BRCA 1&2
-chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
XRAY- method of choice, screening, CXR and mammogram
-CAT
MRI
PET
ultrasound
radioisotopes scans! |
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Term
| 3 steps of classsification of a neoplasms |
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Definition
classification
grading
staging |
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Term
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Definition
naming of tumor
-tissue of origin
-anatomic site
-behavoir and function of tumorrr |
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Term
| benign tumor characteristics |
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Definition
| local growth, cohesive, encapsulated, pushes other tissues out of the way, slow growth, usually doesnt reoccur (but if you forget a piece, it will regrow) |
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Term
| characteristics of malignant tumors |
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Definition
-carcoma or carcinoma
-invasive, non cohesive, irregular shape, invades and destroys surrounding tissue, rapid growth, CAN REOCCUR |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| histologic tumor grading... |
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Definition
evaluates the appearance of the cell and the amout of differentiation of the cell.
scale 1-4
4=bad prognosis and prob metastsis |
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Term
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Definition
1. TNM system = TUMOR NODE MESTATSIS
-must be solid tumor
2 Clinical staging 0-4, for nonsolid tumors |
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Term
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Definition
1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary |
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Term
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Definition
"true Prevention"
health promotion efforts, wellness activities, maintain or improve |
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Term
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Definition
focuses on individual who are at risk or experiencing cancer
- screening, prompt intervention
-early detection |
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Term
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Definition
| minimizes the effects of cancer, directed at preventing complaication and deterioration |
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Term
severe warning signs of CA
CAUTION |
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Definition
c- change in bowel/bladder habits
a- sore that does not heal
u- unusual bleeding/discharge
t- thicking lump
i- indigestion / difficulty swallowing
o- observes change in wart or mole
n- nagging cough/hoarseness |
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Term
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Definition
| cure, control, palliation, rehabilitation |
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Term
| reasons for surgery for CA |
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Definition
-diagnostics and staging
-tx
- palliative
-reconstructive/pallitive
-preventative |
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Term
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Definition
Local tx modality,
goal: kill tumor, decrease size, decrease pain, or relieve obstruction
delivers ionizing rediation of gamma and xrays
2 methods: teletherapy, brachytherapy |
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Term
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Definition
radiation tx from external beam
-patient poses no hazards
-SE: skin changes, depends on location
Skin reactions:
1. erthyma may develop 1-24 hours post tx
2. dry desqumation --> cells shed
3. wet desquamation--> cells sloughing is greater than new cell replacement! |
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Term
| teaching plan for teletherapy: |
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Definition
| cleanse skin with mild soap and tepid water w/ soft cloth, apply nonmedicated nonperfumed moisturizing lotion or creams, use nonadhesive dressing if drainage occurs, wear losefitting clothing, use gentle detergants, avoid sun exsposure, avoid excessive heat and cold temps, avoid swimming, |
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Term
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Definition
internal radiation therapy!
-implant, insert, or ingest of radiactive material
-maybe temporary or permanent
-PATIENT POSES SAFETY HAZARD!!!!
- can let out radiation threw vomit, sweat, urine, ect!!!
nursing care: pricate room (lead lined prefered), limit visits to 10-30mins, maintain distance of 6 feet, wear film badge
-SE are same as external |
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Term
| GYN implant (brachytherapy) |
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Definition
| bedrest at all times, foley catheter/bedpan, stay at head of bed! |
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Term
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Definition
cytotoxic medication
interferes with cell cycle (both static and cidal effects)
rapidly deviding cells are most affected
2 major categories: cell cycle specific and cell syscle nonspecific |
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Term
| cell cycle specific chemothereapy |
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Definition
drugs that effect the cells in the process of cellular replication/proliferation
exert their effects during a specific phase of the cell cycle G1, S, G2, or M phase.
usually given in combinations from 21-28 days |
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Term
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Definition
drugs that have their effects on cells that are in the process of cellular replication and proliferation as well as on th ecells in the resting phase.
Can effect all stages including G0 |
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Term
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Definition
| an agent that produces blisters when there is an extrasation...like to put these drugs threw central lines! |
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Term
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Definition
| escape of fluid into surrounding tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| after 7-28 days (depends on drug) after chemo, normal cells die, this is the stage when the pts ability to form blood cells is most limited! |
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Term
| effects of chemo on tissue |
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Definition
effects epithelial cells of the GI tract-mucous membranes causing N?V, anorexia,loss of taste, painful ulcerations, diarrhea, and constipation
also effects hair follicles causing alopecia
can effect reproductive system l/t infertility |
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Term
| effects of bone marrow steam cells in chemo pts |
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Definition
| neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, and severe anemia |
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