Term
| What are the 3 basic characteristics of Cancer? |
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Definition
| Abnormality in cell growth, division, and/or cell differentiation, a disruption of Cellular Society, A disruption in the normal functioning of social control genes |
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Term
| What do Social Control Genes Do? |
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Definition
| Genes that govern cellular societies. These genes direct, stimulate, inhibit, or regulate: Cell division, cell differentiation, cell growth, DNA repair, Cell mortality, Apoptosis |
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Term
| Name the 4 Phases of Pathogenesis and Spread |
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Definition
| 1. Transformation 2. Growth of Transformed Cell 3. Local Invasion 4. Distant Metastasis |
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Term
| What is transformation? Is it enought o cause cancer? |
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Definition
| Altered growth-proliferation control (on genetic level). Involves mutation in social control genes. Not enough to cause cancer. Happens all the time, could be corrected |
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Term
| What is Growth of Transformed Cell? |
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Definition
| Tumor formation. Cell is hidden from Immune Sys. Immune sys compromised |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as Local Extension. Invade surrunding tissue and creation of own blood supply. Attack, digest, and invade surrounding tissue. |
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Term
| Distant Metastasis? Is this always a stage of cancer? |
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Definition
| Cells beak free from tumore colonize distant sites. Not always a stage for cancers |
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Term
| What is the best prediction of behavior of cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during S Phase? |
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Definition
| DNA Replication. Chromosomes are duplicated. |
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Term
| What follows S phase? What does this phase involve? |
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Definition
| G2-RNA Replication. Cell prepares for division. |
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Term
| What follows G2 Phase? What happens during this phase? |
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Definition
| Mitosis-Active Nuclear Division |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytokenesis- Division of Cell |
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Term
| Which phase is the "holding pattern" and the phase that most cells in the body is found in? |
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Definition
| G1- Period of cell growth before teh DNA is duplicated. Enzymes for replication are produced. |
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Term
What is the G0 Phase? Where do you find this in?
Can this phase be an origin for tumor? |
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Definition
| "Permanent holding pattern". Non Dividing Cells such as Neuronal Cells. NEVER origin for Tumor. |
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Term
Can brain cancer be caused by Neuronal Cells?
What can it be caused by? |
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Definition
| NO! Neuronal Cells are non dividing. Brain cancer is caused by Glial Cells |
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Term
| What must happen in order to complete cell cycle? What is an example of when a chemical allows cells to comlete cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Must remove all inhibitors of each phase. Cytokines released by T Cells stimulate cell division by allowing cells to complete cell cycle. |
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Term
| When examining cells, what are the easiest phases to see? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the phases of Mitosis? |
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Definition
| Preprophase, prophase, metaphase, early anaphase, late anaphase, Telophase |
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Term
| In high grade cancer, what phases are seen most often? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the process of Cell Differentiation? |
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Definition
| Process of producing new cells from stem cell line. |
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Term
| What happens after stem cell mitotically divide? |
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Definition
| 50% becomes terminally differentiated cell. 50% stay as stem cells so to keep constant supply |
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Term
| What is the characteristic of terminally differentiated cells? Give an exmple of terminally differentiated cell |
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Definition
| They are the most functionally mature. They lose ability to mitotically divide. B Cells's terminally mature form are Plasma Cells |
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Term
| What happens to cancer cells' cell differentiation process? |
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Definition
| 2 Possibilities: Loss of differentiation (cancer cells don't want to divide or is resistant to differentiation)-->Lead to Loss of Tissue Function. OR they differentiate but continue to divide |
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Term
| What does the transformation of a cell into cancer cell involve? |
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Definition
| A mutation in a social control gene to form an oncogene |
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Term
| What does a Proto-Oncogene do? Mutation causes this gene to do what? |
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Definition
| Promotes normal cell division or growth. Mutatation causes hyperactivity of the gene-->Oncogenes-->promotes cancerous cell growth |
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Term
| What do Tumor-Suppressor Genes do? Mutation of this gene causes it to do what? |
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Definition
| Limits normal cell division/growth or promotes cell differentiation/cell death. Mutation causes inactivity of the gene-->Oncogene-->Promotes cancerous Cell growth |
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Term
| Mutations in Proto-Oncogenes and Tumor-Suppressor Genes result in what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that cuases cancer. Produce cancerous patterns of growth. Result of mutaiton. |
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Term
| What is an example of the Stimulatory Abnormality? |
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Definition
| Growth Factor (Go Signal) such as Cytokine, or receptor to cytokine, or signal factor to turn on DNA Replication (Transcrpiton Factor) |
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Term
| What is an example of Inhibitory Abnormality? |
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Definition
| Inhibitor (Stop signal) Differentiation Inducer. |
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Term
| What are aspects of cell function under social control? |
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Definition
| Signal Transduction, Cell Cycle Control, DNA Repair, Cell Growth, Cell Differentiation, Transcriptional Regulation, Senescene, Apoptosis |
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Term
| What is Signal Transduction? |
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Definition
| Protein that convey signal at membrane for regulation of gene expression |
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Term
| What kind of genes are under Cell Cycle Control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is DNA Repair? What kind of gene is this? |
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Definition
| Proteins looking for DNA error. Bind to mistake until it is repaired. Tumor Suppressor Gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Code for DNA repair proteins. When mutated, increase risk of breast cancer by 80%. |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation on the # of times cells can replicate. Normally 50-60 times maximum. Because DNA become less stable after that. |
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Term
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Definition
| Triggered when cell discovers multiple gene mutations. If blocked, could be oncogenic. |
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Term
| Most inherited genes are what kind of genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do Cell Cycle Inhibitors (Rb) do? What kind of Gene is this? |
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Definition
| Codes for (Rb) protein. "Master Break" of Cell Cycle. Binds to transcription factors and prevent replication. Tumor Suppressor Gene |
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Term
| What are Cell Cycle and Apoptosis Regulators (P53)? What kind of gene is this? |
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Definition
| Inhibitor of cell cycle. Produced when cell suffers DNA damage. Binds to site of damage and prevent transcription. If enough P53, it will induce apoptosis. |
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Term
| What is the most common Tumor Suppressor Gene? |
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Definition
| Cell Cycle and apoptosis Regulator (P53) |
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Term
| Which Tumor Suppressor Gene is involved with Ovarian and Breast Cancer? |
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Definition
| DNA Repair (BRCA 1 and 2) |
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Term
| What are the 5 Properties/Behaviors of Cancer Cells? |
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Definition
| 1. Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals 2. Unlimited replication 3. Lose of differentiated features 4. accumulate new mutaion at much faster rate (sometimes could work against cancer) 5. Invades local tissue and overrun neighbors. |
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Term
| What is the Autonomy characteristics of Cancer? |
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Definition
| Ability to grow and divide regardless if there are signals to grow & divide. |
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Term
| How do cancer cells display Autocrine characteristic? |
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Definition
| Some cells release their own growth factors, or have grwoth receptors that are always active. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the First Shut Off Point? |
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Definition
| Senescence. NOrmal cells divide 50-60 Times before shut off. |
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Term
| What is the Second Shut off Point? |
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Definition
| Crisis. All cells beyond Senesence die off. Dying off in large numbers |
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Term
| What happens when cells escape both Senesence & Crisis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Prevent fraying of DNA. At the end of DNA act as "plastic tips". Everytime DNA replicate, Telomeres get a bit shorter. Requires repair. |
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Term
| What retores Telomeres? What kind of gene is this? |
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Definition
| Telomerase Enzyme restores Telomeres. Telomerase is a Proto-oncogene. Gene that code for protein that shut off Telomerase is Tumor Suppressor Gene |
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Term
| What happens to Telomerase under normal conditions? |
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Definition
| Telomerase decrease with cell aging. If telomerase is no longer present, Telomeres will not be restored, therefore Telomeres degrade-->DNA Error-->Accumulate-->Crisis |
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Term
| How do Cancer Cells behave with Telomere and Telomerase? |
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Definition
| 1. Produce Telomerase all the time! Replicate as many times as they like. Unlimited! 2. Prevention of protein that shuts off Telomerase (Tumor Suppressor) |
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Term
| What are 4 Major Structural and Functional Changes in Cancer Cells? |
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Definition
| 1. Cytoskeletal Change. 2. Changes in Cell Adhesion/motility 3. Nuclear Change 4. Enzyme Production |
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Term
| What are cytoskeletal changes in cancer cells? |
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Definition
| Disorganized bc it is so mitotically active |
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Term
| What is the adhesion protein that is so important for Cell Adhesion/Motility? |
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Definition
| Fibronectin-Adhesion protein that secure cells w. their neighbors in tissue. Also allow cells to sense neighbors-This is an important inhibitor for "Density Dependent Growth". |
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Term
| What is Density Dependent Growth? |
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Definition
| Stops growth when it is too dense. |
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Term
| What are changes in Cell Adhesion/Motility in Cancers? |
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Definition
| Cancer won't stop growing. Fibronectin is absent or abnormal. Bc they are not secure to neighbers, they are MORE MOBILE-->shed off of tumor and matastisize or leave tumor and enter lymphatic sys and seed else where. |
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Term
| What are Nuclear Changes in Cancer Cells? |
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Definition
| They are disorganized chromosome and nuclei |
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Term
| What are changes in Enzyme production of Cancer Cells? |
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Definition
| 1.Release lysosomal enzymes outside to promote invasion. 2. Tumor antigens produced by tumors (highly specific. Could give immune sys chance to recongize them and kill them) |
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Term
| What are the routes of mutagenesis? |
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Definition
| 1. Gene-Environment Interaction. 2. Inherited Cancer Genes. 3. Oncogenic Viruses 4. Oncogenic Bacteria |
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Term
| What is the most common route of mutagenesis? |
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Definition
| Gene-Environment Interaction |
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Term
| What is Gene-Environment Interaction? |
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Definition
| Environmental factors that interact w. gene and cause mutation. |
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Term
| What is the most common inherited Cancer Genes? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Oncogenic Viruses cause Direct and Indirect mutagenesis? Example of Direct and Indirect? |
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Definition
| Direct Mutagenesis-Exogenous Source. Insertional (ex HPV). Infect cervical cells by insert oncogene. Related to 75 % cervical cancer. Indirect- Viral infection that create environment that will allow mutation to go unnoticed by immune sys. Ex: HIV |
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Term
| How do Oncogenic Bacteria cause mutagenesis? Give example. |
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Definition
| Bacteria that release toxins that are mutagenic. Ex: H Pylori has been implicated for certain stomach carcinoma. OR they create chronic inflammatory response (Ex: LIver Cirosissis) |
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Term
| What is the theory behind cancer? |
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Definition
| Initiation, Promotion, Progression Theory |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Degree of Malignancy 2. Aggressiveness (cell turnover, degree of anaplasia, etc.) |
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Term
| What is Cell Turnover Rate? |
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Definition
| Rate of Cell division is greater than Rate of Cell Death |
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Term
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Definition
| from I-IV. 1. Degree of Spread 2. Stage in disease progression. Based on behavior of cancer and how it tends to spread. |
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Term
| What occurs in Local Invasion? |
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Definition
| Tumor grows in size and invade surrounding tissue. Can matastasize without breaking away from organ. |
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Term
| What are characteristics of a Benign Tumor? |
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Definition
| Incapsulated, Uniform in size, Displace surrounding tissue |
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Term
| What are characteristics of a Malignant Tumor? |
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Definition
| 1. Not incapsulated 2. Not uniform 3. Have own direct blood supply 4. Eat through surrounding tissue (sore that won't heal). |
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Term
| What is angiogenesis? How does cancers use a normal mechanism to its advantage? |
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Definition
| When nearby blood vessels provide colaterals. When tissue becomes hypoxic, as a part of normal protective feature, nearby blood vessels provide colateral. |
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Term
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Definition
| any cancer that arises from epithelial cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Cancer of connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant tumors derived from blood or bone marrow cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors derived from Mesothelial Cells lining the peritoneum and the pleura |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors deried from brain cells (glial cells & astrocytes) |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors derived from Germ Cells, normally found in the testicle and ovary |
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Term
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Definition
| Malignant tumor of melanocytes? |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of carcinoma that originates in glandular tissue. Ex: Breast and mammory) |
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