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| statistic that estimates the probability that an observed difference between 2 measurements would appear by chance. |
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| systematic distortion of results in a certain direction caused by the failure to account for some influencing factor |
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| when scientists fail to ensure that equivalent procedures are being used to measure cancer rates in the populations being compared. |
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| error that arises when people volunteer nonrandomly for research studies. |
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| a factor that affects the risk of developing cancer and is linked in some way to the factor being investigated. |
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| follow people into the future to see who will develop cancer |
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| dose-response relationship |
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| risk of developing cancer increases in direct relationship to the amount of exposure to the agent being investigated. |
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| uses bacteria that are unable to synthesize histidine. in present of carcinogen, their DNA is often mutated in such a way so that they begin forming histidine again. |
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| protect against development of cancer--in fruits and veggies. |
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| energy traveling through space. UV and nuclear radiation often cause cancer. |
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| oncogenic virus that causes sarcomas in chickens. |
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