Term
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Definition
| the ability to influence what happens by producing compliance with one's wishes. Involves coercion, influence and authority |
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Definition
| ensuring compliance through the threat or use of force |
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Term
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Definition
| ensuring compliance through persuasion or convincing |
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Term
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Definition
| ensuring compliance through the belief that the person or an organization should be obeyed because of their standing or position |
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Term
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Definition
| legislative branch (making new laws), executive branch (implementing the laws), and judicial branch (adjudicating societal disputes and interpreting laws) |
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Term
| 2 key components of a well functioning liberal democracy |
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Definition
o A set of formal institutions
o A set of social and cultural values |
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Term
| Parliamentary sovereignty |
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Definition
United Kingdom
o Parliamentary Sovereignty- a form of government in which the legislature has the power to make or unmake and law whatever
o There is no bill of rights which denies to the Parliament the power to curtail civil rights
o Minority rights are protected on the floor of the House of Commons and the Senate |
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Term
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Definition
US
Judicial Review- a form of government where…
o 1- A set of civil liberties is written in a constitutional document that cannot be changed through ordinary legislation
o 2- Courts have the power to deny the force of the law to any statue enacted by the legislature that abrogates those civil liberties (i.e. the power of judicial review)
o Minority rights are protected through courts
o Power to invalidate → no parliamentary sovereignty → courts have powers to make/unmake public policy |
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Term
| Canada's kind of government |
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Definition
o Parliamentary sovereignty limited by:
• Federalism (since 1867)
• Charter of Rights and Freedoms (since 1982)
o Liberal Democracy in Canada-1982-Charter |
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Term
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Definition
• Liberal democracies also require…
o B) a set of social and cultural values
o Democratic government ultimately depends on
• Popular, societal or cultural tolerance for diversity
• A relatively strong sense of civic duty among citizens
• High levels of belief that one’s involvement in politics and in the life of community matters |
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Term
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Definition
• Quebec government proposal to ban public servants and state employees from wearing ‘ostentatious’ religious garments and symbols in order to promote the value of state neutrality
• Ostentatious left undefined
• Exceptions made for some employees (MNAs) and artifacts
• Privileging of some symbols over others
• Latest Polls:
o The Charter idea boosted PQ’s support by 6%
o 49% of francophones support it
o 15% of Anglophones support it |
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Term
| QCV with respect to formal institutions |
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Definition
• 1. Legislative and executive branches of government are chosen on the basis of regular and competitive elections
o A legislative branch of Quebec government can clearly enact a law that arguably promotes majoritarian values at the expense of minority rights and freedoms
o Quebec business leaders, intellectuals, and urban municipalities rallying against the Charter of values
o BQ member of Federal Parliament, Maria Mourani expelled from the party over her protests against the Charter of Values
• 2. Civil liberties protected through Judicial Review
o Overwhelming majority of constitutional scholars agree that Quebec Charter of Values is unconstitutional but… notwithstanding clause 33 of the charter |
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Term
| Plurarism approach to role of state |
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Definition
politics is a competition between different interests
o Society-centered= emphasize the impact of groups in society on the state
o State-centered= emphasize the ability of public officials to act on their own preferences and according to their own interests |
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Term
| Class anaylsis approach on economics |
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Definition
| o Karl Marx sees the state in capitalists societies as an instrument through which small minorities control most of society’s wealth to maintain their social and economic dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| the state is viewed as an essentially oppressive and even repressive institution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the belief that the opinion of the majority should almost always be considered in decision making |
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Term
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Definition
| o Globalization is the unprecedented integration of the world’s economies through trade, capital flows, and internationalized production |
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Term
| Political culture in canada |
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Definition
focused primarily on the differences between the politically relevant values, attitudes and beliefs of French-speaking and English-speaking Canadians, and on the question of whether English-speaking Canada is characterized by regional political cultures
• To determine whether these differences are significant scientists measure level of political knowledge and participation
• They also use feelings of political efficacy (people’s sense of whether their participation in politics matters) and alienation
• Canadians are more deferential and less likely to challenge authority than are Americans
• Ultimately, personal traits show up in an individual’s political ideas and actions |
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Term
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Definition
collectivist and social justice ideas and parties that advocate social reform
collectivism |
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Term
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Definition
refers to ideas that advocate social order, protection of private property, economic freedom and support for capitalism
individualism |
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Term
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Definition
believe that individuals should be allowed the largest possible margin of freedom in all realms of life, including moral choices
• They also believe that the government should be much smaller and less intrusive |
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Term
| 3 leading ideologies in western culture are.. |
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Definition
| socialism, libertarianism and conservatism |
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Term
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Definition
| • Socialism is an ideology based on the collective or state ownership of the means of production and the belief in the state’s ability to provide social justice, redistribute wealth and fix social problems |
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Term
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Definition
is based on the belief that the state must protect individual liberty, personal choice and the right to private property
• Contemporary liberalism no longer places individual freedom above anything else→ now they also want to alleviate hardships |
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Term
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Definition
is an ideology based on the belief that traditions and social order are important and that gradual change is best
• Modern conservatisms embrace economic beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
| • Classical liberalism was associated with freedom of religious choice and practice, free enterprise and free trade in business and economics, and freedom of expression and association in politics |
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Term
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Definition
| • Classical conservatism emphasizes the importance of tradition and social order, accepts human inequality- social, political, and economic as a part of the natural order of things |
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Term
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Definition
| based on the principle of equality of condition and racial egalitarianism |
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Term
| The fragment theory approach |
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Definition
European Parents and Cultural Genes
o Canada and New World societies were founded by European immigrants
o Immigration occurred in waves
o Immigrants brought cultural baggage→ beliefs, practices, values
o Seen as a genetic code→ culture of founding groups does not determine but sets limits to later cultural developments
o Canada has been characterized as a two fragment society
o French Canada was founded by immigrants of France who brought their feudal ideas (rigid social classes that excluded most people from the full right to participate in politics)
o English Canada was founded by immigrants of the U.S. (loyalists who lost the American war of Independence)
o Believed individual freedom in politics, religion and economic relations
o It is argued that liberalism of the loyalists was diluted by conservative/tory political beliefs→ acceptance of inequality |
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Term
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Definition
Counter-Revolution and the Conquest
o Societies are marked by certain major events at critical periods in their development
o It is argued that political development of the United States has been shaped by its revolutionary origins while that of English Canada has been shaped by its counter-revolutionary origins |
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Term
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Definition
Economic Structure and Political Ideas
o Ideas and institutions change in response to transformations in the economic system and in the class relations associated with this system
o It is believed that culture and institutions are the embodiments of power relations whose sources lie in the economic system
o They argue that society’s dominant ideas are inevitably those of its most powerful class
o Karl Marx explains false consciousness as the inability of the subordinate classes to see where their real interests lie
o These explains why members of the subordinate class embrace the beliefs of a self interested dominant class
o They also embrace it because of common sense
o A society’s dominant values and beliefs must be compatible with the experience of most of its members
o Example is La Survivance: conserving French Canada’s religious and linguistic heritage in the face of assimilationist pressures |
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Term
| 4 major challenges of canadian community |
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Definition
• French-English
• Aboriginal demands for self-government
• American influence
• Regional tensions |
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Term
| Political violence in Canada |
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Definition
o Canadians are not accustomed to the violent resolution of political disputes
o Only 2 political assassinations since Confederation
o Much of the violence has involved labour disputes or workers’ protests
o The almost tribal animosities that have existed between French and English speaking Canadians have crystallized around violent events on several occasions
o In recent years most violence has been linked to unresolved disputed between groups of Aboriginal Canadians and public authorities
o Sovereignty-association- a politically sovereign Quebec that would be linked to Canada through some sort of commercial union or free trade agreement |
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Term
| political attitudes in canada |
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Definition
o According to public opinion polls, the level of popular support for Quebec independence has ranged between a low of about 20 percent to a high of 60
o Support is always higher for a sovereignty association- a politically sovereign Quebec that would be linked to Canada though some sort of agreement
o Support for separatism is strong among young educated Quebecois |
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Term
| Canadas expectations of the state |
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Definition
• Canada is more likely than Americans to look to government to meet their needs
• More likely to accept as well
• Canadians have greater faith in the government
• Red Tories are conservatives who believe that government has a responsibility to act as an agent for the collective good, and that this responsibility goes far beyond maintaining law and order
• Canadians are less deferential today than in the past which is attributed to the post-materialist values of those born following WW11
• Post-materialism is an ideology that attaches comparatively greater importance to human needs for belonging, self-esteem, and personal fulfillment than does materialism, which places greater stress on economic security and material well-being |
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Term
| Canadians on the notion of social capital |
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Definition
• Social capital is the fabric of connections between members of a community
• Made up of norms and trust in one’s neighbors, and of behaviors such as voting and participating in community organizations
• Tocqueville believed that these voluntary associations were the connective tissue of American democracy
• Americans are thought to participate more than Canadians |
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Term
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Definition
• Canada is a more secular society than the United States
• Secularization involves a decline in the belief that religion and religious authorities should be looked to for guidance about behavior and an increase in the social, cultural, and political influence of elites whose expertise is not based on religious faith |
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Term
| Summary and Data of Christian Boucher on values of US and Canada |
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Definition
• Canada and the United States have each undergone substantial value change over the last two decades, both becoming more progressive and secular regarding some aspects of economic, political and moral issues
• The value differences between Canada and the United States are small except for religious and moral issues |
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Term
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Definition
o The rates of assimilation of the majority into society may be similar between the U.S and Canada
o Multinational origin- Canadian state has had to deal with minorities from the start (French Canadians and English Canadians)
o Lead Canada to a path of seeking greater reconciliation of ethic diversity
o More open to recognition of group rights
o Canada has adopted the concept of multiculturalism
o Some argue because of multicultural policy within the charter of rights and freedoms that Canada is very much a world leader in the sense of cultural diversity
o One could also argue that Canada is a world leader for its willingness to in modern times to go out of its way to recognize aboriginal differences and injustices, another minority, not just recognizing Quebec
o Only 2 out of 10 Canadians would disagree and say that immigrants have a bad influence on the country (numbers are way higher in other countries)
• Most Canadians say that immigrants have a good influence on the way things are going in the country |
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Term
| Canadians opinion on immgrants |
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Definition
• Canada ranks very favorably, very low percent say that there are too many
• In France many people believe that there are too many immigrants
• There has been an increase in Canadian immigrants in the last decade or so |
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Term
| positive attitude towards Plurarlism in canada are |
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Definition
• Belief in Immigration as an Economic benefit
• Pride in Canadian Multiculturalism |
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Term
| • Distribution of Income in Canada |
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Definition
lowest quintile earns 5% of income after welfare has kicked in and has further redistributed resources, and highest is around 40%
• Take home message: from 1957 to 2000 there hasn't been much increase in Canadian disparity in the Canadian population (slide extracted from Brooks) |
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Term
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Definition
o Percentage of persons living with less than the medium income
o The poverty rate is slightly on the rise along all OECD
o Percent of total income earned by top 1% has slowly been on the rise, in the past 15 years there has been a growing income disparity in Canada |
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Term
| The Demographics of Language Politics |
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Definition
• 1763- French vs. English = 8 to 1
• 1800- French vs. English = 1 to 1
• 1871- French vs. English = 1 to 2
• 2011- French vs. English= 2 to 6 (around)
• Slide from textbook page 407 |
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Term
| Trajectory of Quebec nationalism: Post-conquest (1763) |
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Definition
Traditional French-Canadian Nationalism
o The French language has become a second class language in Quebec
o Survival-la survivance→ facing pressures of dominant culture
o Emphasis on Catholic Religion→ social services try to preserve social culture
o Community defined by social cultural characteristics not by state
o Key alliance: Catholic Church and Union Nationale Party (led by Maurice Duplesis), which was supported by Anglophone capital
o Key institutions: family |
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Term
| Quiet revolution (1960) and modern nationalism |
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Definition
o Growing realization: despite being a dominant majority, francophones controlled little of economic wealth
o Goal: Recoup lot ground and catch up economically
o Quiet Revolution def: a set of political reforms and social changes, 1960s, Quebec. Key Features:
• Increased role for the state- State of Quebec→ use institutional resources provided by the state to improve the economy (replace services run by the church)
• Nationalism tied to the state/territory
• New understanding of Quebec’s history, economy and social structure based on the importance of language and realization of dependence (greater need for francophones to take control and catch up economically and politically to the English speaking Canadians)
• Emergence of state-centered nationalism |
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Term
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Definition
• French official language
• Francization of business
• Restricting access to English-speaking schools
• Language of commercial signs and advertisements |
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Term
| French Established as the Sole Official Language in Quebec |
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Definition
o Exclusive official language for proceedings of the provincial legislature and the courts and the main language for public administration in the province
o Blaikie (1979)
• Section 133 of the Constitution Act 1867- “The Acts of the Parliament of Canada and the Legislature of Quebec shall be printed and published in both English and French Languages”
• Supreme Court invalidated sections that purported to make French the sole language of the legislature |
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Term
| Francization of Quebec Businesses |
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Definition
o Intent: establish French as the primary language of business and commerce
o All businesses required to written commination and work schedules in French
o Knowledge of a language, other than French, cannot be used as a condition for hiring, unless justified by nature of work
o Registration required to obtain Francization certificate or a francization program must be implemented |
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Term
| Access to English-Language Schools |
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Definition
o French became mandatory language of instruction in kindergarten, elementary and secondary school classes
o Quebec Clause: children of persons who had been educated in English in provinces other than Quebec must undertake mandatory language instruction in Quebec
o Invalidated by the Supreme Court of Canada (1984-Quebec Protestant School Board Case)- abrogation of s.23 language rights of the Charter
o Exceptions:
• Children whose parents have done most of their elementary studies in English anywhere in Canada and the parents are Canadian citizens
• Children that have already done all or most of their elementary or secondary studies in English anywhere in Canada, or that have a sibling that has received most of their education in English anywhere in Canada as long as the parents are Canadian citizens |
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Term
| Language of Commercial Signs and Advertisements |
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Definition
o Public signs and advertisements must be in French only- blanket prohibition
o 1983- blanket prohibition relaxed to allow for bilingual advertising for minority businesses
o Ford v. Quebec (1988)- Supreme Court struck down the blanket provision. Breach of freedom of expression.
• Initial reenactment along with notwithstanding clause
• 1993: Quebec conformed with the Supreme Court’s ruling
• Complex regulatory structure |
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Term
| multiculturalism as a fact |
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Definition
| Degree of ethno-cultural diversity within population- demographic |
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Term
| multiculturalism as an act |
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Definition
| A set of governmental actions- policies- designed to respond to the fact |
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Term
| Multiculturalism as an ideal |
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Definition
| A set of normative goals, values and ideals that the governmental actions are meant to foster and achieve |
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Term
| Visible Minorities in Canada. 1991, 2006, 2011 |
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Definition
• Increase in minorities among Canadian population
• Most visible minorities in Vancouver and Toronto
• Up to 1960s- immigration policy favored British, American and European immigrants
• 1960s- elimination of racial discrimination- Points System (based on knowledge, employment prospects, etc.)
• Asia has recently replaced Europe as the most dominant source of immigration |
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Term
| Ethnic and Racial Discrimination |
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Definition
• Discrimination: unfavorable treatment based on prejudice regarding ancestry
o Example: “head tax” on Chinese immigrants
o In 1880s, Canadian federal government used Chinese immigrants to create railway and upon completion, the government enforced taxes to slow down immigrations, they would not allow Chinese to become citizens. These taxes remained in place until early 40’s.
o Chinese Immigration Act of 1923- banned Chinese immigration to Canada
• PM Mackenzie King- May 1st 1947
o Accepting immigrants from minority cultures who do not have attributes like those of Canadian citizens was seen as a major threat
o This was said around the same time that Chinese immigration act was abolished
• More Examples
o 100 year long preference for European/British immigrants
o Discrimination in employment BC (Asians) SK (Chinese)
o Internment of Japanese Canadians during WW11 (Canadian citizens of Japanese decent were thought to be loyal to Japan so they were locked into ghetto type areas without any proof)
• Voting rights- until WW11 Canadians of Japanese, Chinese, and Indian origins didn't have a vote unless they served in the Canadian Military but British citizens in Canada had the vote which shows the discrimination |
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Term
| Official Policy of Multiculturalism within a Bilingual Framework, 1971 |
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Definition
• Official recognition of diverse cultures in a plural society; it involves encouraging immigrants to retain their linguistic heritages and ethnic cultures instead of abandoning them and assimilating with the dominant group
• Objectives
o Assist cultural groups in fostering their identity
o Assist cultural groups in overcoming barriers to their full participation in Canadian society
o Promote creative exchanges among all Canadian cultural groups
o Assist immigrants in acquiring at least one official language |
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Term
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Definition
Netherlands
o Maintenance and preservation of minority languages
o Instruction in minority language and culture
o More extensive public support for minority cultures: TV programs, religiously tailored housing, etc. |
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Term
| official multiculturalism |
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Definition
Canada
o Official recognition that minority cultures deserve respect and recognition
o Promotion of integrations into official languages
o State support for cultural organizations, inclusion in state symbols, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
o Official recognition of group differences discourages
o Public space and state institutions are neutral and free of cultural symbols
o Prevention of separate identities discouraged |
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Term
| Royal Proclamation of 1763 |
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Definition
recognized Aboriginal rights to land→ treaty making (irregular)
• Key document that suggested what policies the British would abide by
• Recognized SOME proprietary Aboriginal interests which meant the British would be involved in treaty making
• *Specific quote posted on owl
• Agreed that there should be a degree of compensation |
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Term
| Constitution of 1867- Indian Act 1876 |
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Definition
• Consolidated the dependency relationship (between Federal government and Aboriginals)
• Indians who lived in reserves were placed under the control of the federal governments
• All economic decisions had to be made by and approved by federal authorities
• Treaties and rights are ignored
• Aim: assimilation of Aboriginals into the Canadian whole
• Ban on native ceremonies (potlatch, religious dance ceremonies)
• Residential schools |
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Term
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Definition
• Becoming more and more prominent
• Established in early days in interactions between settlers and Aboriginal peoples
• Purpose it to provide small fixed homelands for Indians |
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Term
| o 1969: White Paper Proposal |
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Definition
• Dismantling of the Indian affairs bureaucracy and end of the reserve system and abolition of different status and treaties abhorrent to an inclusive society
• In hopes of a full blown assimilation in Canadian society
• Destroying all institutions that establish aboriginal differences
• Aboriginals want treaties |
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Term
| o 1973: Calder: a legal case |
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Definition
• Courts recognized aboriginal rights by the supreme court of Canada
• Government resumes treaty making
• Restating in modern terms what the Royal Proclamation previously stated |
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Term
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Definition
• Constitutional protection of aboriginal and treaty rights via s. 35
• Overall policy is not assimilation but a recognition of aboriginal rights
• 35.1 the existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed
• Canada is now at the forefront at trying to address the problems regarding aboriginal rights→ no other country was doing that at the time |
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Term
| royal commission on aboriginal people |
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Definition
• Creation of an aboriginal third order of government
• Form of dual citizenship
• Nation to nation relationship between Canada and Aboriginals
• Cairn’s Citizens Plus. Flanagan’s first nations? Second thoughts- what are the implications of adopting a nation to nation relationship between aboriginals and Canadians |
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Term
| o UN report, October, 2013 |
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Definition
| • Talks about crisis, well being gap, education gap, housing conditions gap, youth suicide gap, profound and consistent mistrust, highly adversarial land claims process, highly restrictive interpretation of aboriginal and treaty rights |
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Term
| Who are Canadian Aboriginal People? |
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Definition
• People of aboriginal descent and culture. 100s of different cultures and languages.
• “Status Indians”
• “Non Status Indians”→ outside of the reserves
• “Metis”→ people who originated in the West from intermarriage between French Canadian men and Aboriginal women
• “Inuit”→ people of Aboriginal Descent or culture who occupy the arctic regions of Canada |
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Term
| • R v Chan der peet (1996) |
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Definition
Practice, custom or tradition, that is
o 2. “integral” to the distinctive culture of “central importance” a “defining characteristic” made the culture distinctive and that…
o 3. Could have employed into modern forms, but must have originated during the pre-contact period
o Issue= license under the federal fisheries act: allows fishing for food but prohibits the sale of fish
o Outcome- prohibition upheld (sto;lo culture the exchange/sale of fish was not integral but incidental)
o R v NTC smokehouse
• Issue= same as above
• Outcome=prohibition upheld (in sheshaht and obetchesaht cultures the exchange/sale of fish was not “integral” but incidental
o R v Gladstone (1996)
• Issue- same as von der peet (1996)
• Outcome- invalidation (in heitsuk culture the exchange/sale of herring spawn kelp was a “central and defining feature of heitsuk society” |
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Term
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Definition
• “private associations . . . [which] promote their interests by attempting to influence government rather than by nominating candidates and seeking responsibility for the management of government.” (Brooks, 343)
• “An organization formed by like-minded people who seek to influence public policy to promote an interest.” (The Canadian Encyclopedia) |
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Term
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Definition
• Labour unions
• Industry and business organizations
• Occupational and professional associations
• Ethnic and religious groups
• Consumer groups
• Public policy institutes
• Think tanks
• Municipal and provincial associations
• Environmental groups
• Civil liberties organizations |
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Term
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Definition
• Access to politicians
• Information expertise
• Public awareness campaigns
• Material incentives/economic leverage
• Disruption
• Litigation |
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Term
| pluralistic approach to interest groups |
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Definition
o Diversity in interests and values naturally gives rise to political fractions
o Factions compete in the political arena
o Government acts as a referee
• Sets out the rules of the game
• Ratifies the victories of the successful coalition
• Records the terms of the surrenders, compromises and conquests in statue
o Argue that you end up with the public interest
o Not state-centered, assumes all groups are equal
o Neo pluralists really criticize that political process is open and competitive, they argue that some issues never get discussed |
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Term
| marxist on interest groups |
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Definition
o Class is basic unit of political organization
o Interest groups reflect divisions between the subordinate working class and the wealthy upper class and therefore are not that important
o The political system is biased in favor of capitalist interest |
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Term
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Definition
o Characteristic 1: Presence of peak associations representing business and labour
o Characteristic 2: Business and labor have institutionalized access to government→ tri-partite decision-making
o Characteristic 3: Ideology of social partnership
o Largely absent in Canada |
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Term
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Definition
o Institutional structures, rules, and norms influence policy outcomes
o Looks at the factors responsible for the creation, maintenance and capacity of interest groups
• Incentives
• Policy networks
o State-centered approach |
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Term
| Court Challenges Program, 1994 – 2006 |
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Definition
• Government funding for “equality-seeking” individuals and groups to assert equality and language rights
o $2.75 million annual budget
o Women’s Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF)
• Funded a substantial number of important Charter cases
o Domestic violence, spousal support, same-sex marriage, pornography |
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Term
| The Role of Interest Groups in Canadian Politics |
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Definition
• Charter litigation
• Trade (supply management)
• Environment policy |
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Term
| “Court Party” Detractors (Morton & Knopff, University of Calgary) |
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Definition
• Proliferation of systemic litigation interest groups
• Court Party: a cluster of primarily left-wing interest groups promoting left-wing ideology through litigation
• Interest groups using the courts to achieve what they could not achieve through the legislative process→ undemocratic
• The government should not fund challenges to its legislation
• The Harper Government cancelled the Court Challenges Program in 2006 |
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Term
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Definition
• Historically organized and powerful dairy lobby
• Supply management = price-setting + protection from foreign competition + quotas
o Only applies to dairy, poultry and eggs
• Increased opposition to supply management from competing interests
• Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the EU, signed October, 2013 |
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Term
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Definition
will be the first bilateral trade agreement concluded between the European Union and another major developed economy, providing Canadian companies preferential access to the largest economy in the world. It will also set a new standard in terms of its scope and its level of ambition for 21st-century trade agreements, a standard that negotiators of future trade agreements, including TransAtlantic and TransPacific Partnerships, should strive to emulate.”
– Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, October, 2013 |
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Term
| Dairy Farmers of Canada, October 16, 2013 |
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Definition
| “Dairy farmers will not support the Harper government agreeing to a deal with the EU that gives away the Canadian cheese market that Canadian dairy farmers and cheese makers have worked so hard to develop over the years.” |
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Term
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Definition
• Environmental groups have been instrumental in raising public awareness about environmental issues, especially climate change
• Entrepreneurial politics
• Greenpeace is an example of an interest group that has successfully transformed into a leading international environmental lobby |
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Term
| Interest groups overall... |
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Definition
• Interest groups seek to influence public policy in order to advance special interests
• Interest groups take many forms and employ diverse strategies, including grassroots activism, public awareness campaigns, research, and professional lobbying
• Interest groups are often key stakeholders and partners in resolving public policy issues
• Written rules and regulations govern professional lobbying activities at the federal and provincial levels, and in some municipalities |
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Term
|
Definition
will be the first bilateral trade agreement concluded between the European Union and another major developed economy, providing Canadian companies preferential access to the largest economy in the world. It will also set a new standard in terms of its scope and its level of ambition for 21st-century trade agreements, a standard that negotiators of future trade agreements, including TransAtlantic and TransPacific Partnerships, should strive to emulate.”
– Canadian Manufacturers and Exporters, October, 2013 |
|
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Term
| Dairy Farmers of Canada, October 16, 2013 |
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Definition
| “Dairy farmers will not support the Harper government agreeing to a deal with the EU that gives away the Canadian cheese market that Canadian dairy farmers and cheese makers have worked so hard to develop over the years.” |
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Term
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Definition
• Environmental groups have been instrumental in raising public awareness about environmental issues, especially climate change
• Entrepreneurial politics
• Greenpeace is an example of an interest group that has successfully transformed into a leading international environmental lobby |
|
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Term
| Interest groups overall... |
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Definition
• Interest groups seek to influence public policy in order to advance special interests
• Interest groups take many forms and employ diverse strategies, including grassroots activism, public awareness campaigns, research, and professional lobbying
• Interest groups are often key stakeholders and partners in resolving public policy issues
• Written rules and regulations govern professional lobbying activities at the federal and provincial levels, and in some municipalities |
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Term
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Definition
| is the fundamental law of a political system, meaning that all other laws must conform to the constitution in terms of how they are made and in terms of their substance. |
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Term
| • Constitution Prescribes.... |
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Definition
o The relationship between citizens and the state.
o Which organs can exercise legislative power (making the law), executive power (implementing the law), and judicial power (interpreting the law), and what the limitations on those powers are
o The relationship between federal and provincial levels of government. |
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Term
| • Rule of Law / Constitutionalism |
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Definition
“government is limited by law” /nobody is above the law
• Canada does not have a single constitutional document. Complex History => Complex Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
Courts have the power “to deny the force of law to any statute” that is not enacted by the proper level of government
o Ultra vires: “beyond the powers” of the enacting government
o Intra vires: “within the powers” of the enacting government
o Procedural constraint on governmental power
• Effect on Parliamentary Sovereignty (i.e. Parliament can make unmake any law whatever)
o Governments can no longer make or unmake any law whatever
o They can make or unmake only those laws that fall within their jurisdictional authorities |
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Term
| Constitution Act, 1982: Aboriginal Rights |
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Definition
• 35. (1) The existing aboriginal and treaty rights of the aboriginal peoples of Canada are hereby recognized and affirmed
• Judicial Review of Aboriginal rights→ expansion of judicial review
• Effect on Parliamentary Sovereignty→ further limitation of the parliamentary sovereignty |
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Term
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Definition
written document that has two key components
o One component is federalism (describes relationships between two levels of government)
o Preamble→ Canadian constitution will be similar to that of the UK
• Case law/common law→ followed BNA act because judiciary will step in and make sure the proper laws are being passed
• Constitution Act involves charter, Aboriginal rights and amending procedure about how the constitution itself is to be changed/reformed |
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Term
| structure of parliament from highest to lowest: |
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Definition
| monarch, GG, PM, cabinet< house of commons and senate |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
The vote on an important issue.
if VOC is lost, a new government must be formed |
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Term
| modern perspective on vote of confidence |
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Definition
| fresh election must be called is VOC is lost |
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Term
| traditional perspective on VOC |
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Definition
| if VOC is lost, the GG may allow an alternative party leader to form the government |
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Term
| Department of canadian heritage |
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Definition
| provided grants to a variety of multicultural groups |
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Term
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Definition
| federal (1978) and provincial→ promoted rights, awareness, human rights are not self starting institutions- you have to take up your own cause, therefore they promote rights consciousness allowing individuals to be familiar with the rights |
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Term
| charter of rights and freedoms |
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Definition
| 1982→ provided constitutional protections against discrimination by federal and provincial governments, for example the equality rights clause, protects minorities from discrimination |
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Definition
| 1986→ greater equity in terms of employment |
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Term
| Japanese Redress Agreement |
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Definition
| Prime Minister Brian Mulroney acknowledged the government's wrongful actions; pledged to ensure that the events would never recur and recognized the loyalty of the Japanese Canadians to Canada. |
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