Politics is a competition between groups. An explanation of politics that sees organized interests as teh central fact of political lfe adn expalins politics chiefly in terms of the activities of groups.

-Society-centred groups form in society and impact state

-State-centred groups not necessarily equal and politicians can have interests not articulated by societal demands

State is inherently patriarchal and serves male dominance.

A framework for interpreting and explaining politics and society that sees gender as the fundemental basis of conflict in society and associates politics, in all its forms, with the systematic domination of males over females

State perpetuates economic system to the benefit of the monied class. Rich people get to govern. 

A perspective on politics hat insists on the overriding importance of social classes based on their relationship to the means of producing and distributing wealth.

State represses some values and legitimizes others. 

Government chooses a group that they want to protect and they promote them (white middle class monied heterosexual family men.)

A world view that rejects absolute truths of any kind and conceives of state-society relations as contingent and relative but of the state as nonetheless oppressive, whereby oppression may be targeted at groups based on their race, gender, ethnicity, sexual preference, or some other trait that places them outside the dominant group in control of the levers of state power. 

Ability of one actor to impose its will on another.

Democracy

Political system based on the formal equality of all citizens, in which ther eis a realistic possibilty that voeters can replace the government, and in which certain basic rights and freedoms are protected. 

Institutions (free and fair elections)

Equality (Chavez: equality, dignity, inclusiveness)

Cultural role in perpetuating democracy? (Almond and Verba)

Social Capital

(name 8 influences)

A concept that refers to norms of interpersonal trust, a sense of civic duty, and a belief that one's political and participation matters. 

Contemporary theorists like Robert Putnam argue that the successful functioning of democracies depends on a high level of social capital among the general population.

Social capital reflects the power within society that the individual derives from attachment to social networks, such as work, church groups, community associations, clubs and the like.

1. Sense of belonging
2. Networks 
3. Feeling of Trust&Safety
4. Reciprocity (pay it forward - homoeconomics - i'll help you if you help me. I wont go to your funeral unless you help me)
5. Participation
6. Citizen Power/Proactivity
7. Values, Norms Outlook in Life
8. Diversity

French/English

Canada/America (created after the civil war; Canada was create dot make distinction from US)

Regionalism

New: Gender, Aboriginal rights, Environment, Multiculturalism

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Interdependence of citizens in a collective group.

Leftist ideology- attribute greater weight to sical and economic circumstances as determinates of one's opportunities and achievements. Reject the claim that the size and scope of gov't needs to be trimmed. 

Canadian symbol: Mounted POLICE

Trust police is a canadian value. 

Constitutional recognition of man/woman. Large population of unmarried couples. Same-sex marriage.

Distinguishing Canadian Value

Chinese-Candian. Persian-Canadian

Diversity and Tolerance is a distinguishing canadian value

The feeling of what is political. Beliefs regarding teh role of a state. Orientations to the decision-making apparatus.

Ex) Gun control in CND vs US. In US, ppl seek protection from the gov't. Canada, we feel very opposed to households holding guns.

How we can change the syste. A way to measure political culture. 

Explains a citizen's trust in gov't and their belief that they can influence public affairs. voting. apathy.

Legitimacy of the state is created by the will or consent of the people. 

Social contract has a similar idea, where the community agrees on the rule of law. General will.

Relating to a church group. 

Also, narrow-minded point of view.

(Hartz-Horowitz)

Only a small group of people who immigrate to Canada. Usually working-educated, family etc.

These people take certain fragments and values of their native country and reject others.

When French came to Canada, they resisted change while in Europe the language evolved. Congealment theory. Gel to new culture. 

(Lipset)

American Revolution formed the US. this was a formative event for Canada. 

Lipset says the formative event was the Americal Revolution because that's when we became "not-America"

(Innis)

Cultural implications of economic structures.

One province is good at one industry so they have a different economy (Class analysis) Marxists say "economy creates culture"

France (1760-PQ/Acadia)

Loyalists (1780-Maritimes/ON)

Britain (1815-1851-ON/Maritimes)

Britain/US/Continental Europe (1890-1920-West/ON)

Asia/Southern Europe/Carribean/Latin America (1945-...Metro Canada)

1. Individualism vs. Collectivism
2. Particularism
3. Deference to Authority
4. Egalitarianism
5. Caution, Nonviolent, Diffidene
6. attached to land
7. bilingual
8. federation
9. British parlimentary system

Inglehart:people born after 1945 have never lived with material or physical insecurity, so feel differently about police ,education, relgion, economy, human rights, etc.

Attaches comparatively greater importance to human needs for belonging, self-esteem, and personal fulfillment than does materialism (economic security & well-being.)

New politics- ideas, free speech, beautiful cities, less impersonal society.  

Oka crisis - land dispute between Mohawk and city of Oka in Quebec. Oka wanted to build a golf course over the land of Mohwak which included a pineland and burial ground for ancestors. After 78 days, the expansion plans were cancelled. 

Struggle between the traditional independence of Native communities and the authority of, first European colonial authorities and then that of teh Canadian state. Native people claim that the land belongs to them and they have rights over it's dealings. Many parts of the north, west and east are not part of the constitution which are covered by treaties, as well many natives have not signed the treaty. Does that mean they are not subject to canadian law? The government has always opposed this. Gov't declares Native self-government does not mean sovereign independence and canadian law does apply to all land.

A report written by the constitutional reform committee, chaired by Jean Allaire. It recommends a transfer of power from Cnd gov't to Qbc gov't. "A Quebec Free to Choose."

It proposed that the 22 areas, currently under fed jurisdiction be handed over to Quebec, areas including public healthcare, culture, communications, environment, agriculture, and public security, as well as abolition of Senate. Some areas would be left to fed, like defense and currency.

After Meech lake Accord failed, the Liberal party adopted it as future changes to constitution.

Support for sovereignty grew in Qbc after Meech failed. 

BNA 1867

The Constitution Act of 1867

-Section 91 and 92 on the distribution of powers between fed and prov gov't

-Before 1982: parlimentary supremacy. They could do many things (Detain Japanese) They could do anythign "within their provincial responsibilities"

In 1867-No supreme court, had JCPC until 1949, PM and cabinets didn't exist, had Privy council. 

BNA provided protection for religious and language rights.

BNA created:new country from New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and United Canadas and gave provinces and fed gov rights to make laws. 

The power to amend constitution stayed with British Parliment. BNA was a british law.  (until 1982)

Judicial Committee of the Privy Council

-At confederation, the highest court for colonies of BNA was the JCPC. 

-In 1949, Supreme court of canada became final appellate. 

October 26, 1992

-Canada Clause listing fundemental characteristics of Canadian society

-entrenchment of the right to Aboriginal self-government

-Elected Senate with equal representation from the provinces, especially seats for Aboriginal (triple E)

-Quebec gets at least 25% of seats in HofC

-Confirmation of provinces' exclusive jurisdiction in several policy areas and some decentralization of powers in immigration and labour policy.

Came after Meech Lake. Failed in Referendum, 56.7% rejected it. 

-above all other law. 

-can't change or misinterpret it.

-1982

-

Stephan Dion

-Act denied Quebec's right to unilateral independence

-Parliment is  responsible for looking over the results of a referendum to decide if it is "unambiguously worded" and the results reflect a "clear majority" 

Constitution Act, 1867

The British North American Act of 1867

Amending Formula

BNA-Canadian Law

Charter of R&F

-Mulroney brings Quebec to vote for him, won gov't by a large majority

-Mulroney wants to bring Qbc into constitution

-Takes everyone to Meech Lake 1987

-Designates Qbc as "Distinct Society"

(11 men in suits, gave Qbc what they wanted)

-After 3 years of trying to pass legislation, Newfoundland and Manitoba don't pass by deadline June 23, 1990.Fail.No aboriginal rights or multiculturalism.

Maurice Duplessis, Premier, 1935-1959

-began after his death

-Jean Lesage takes education, health care and welfare away from Church

Statue of Westminister

1931

The power to enter foreign treaties, Under section 133 of the BNA Act this remained the responsibility fo the British government. Treaty making power was formally transferred to Canada in 1931 by the Statue of Westminister. 

1971 

Amending formula, Bill of rights, Provincial consultation on SC appointments, etc. 

It failed when Quebec withdrew its initial endorsement.

Nov 1981 - First Ministers Meeting

Trudea led the meeting

Quebec Premier René Lévesque was absent and did not sign. But Qbc must follow constitution anyway.

->Charter & Notwithstanding clause

-Bloc Québécois

-1993 Mulroney retires; the Parti-Qbc goes form 169 seats in HofC to 2!

-1995:Sovereignty referendum held again, 50.6% said No.

1839 

Recommended responsible government.

One person is responsible to the elected officials who have been elected to office.

take powers if they wanted control

Federal government could declare anything to be within federal jurisdiction.

Even the Luitenant Governer allowed a piece of provincial legislation, teh federal Cabinet could strike it down.

The cabinet can say no even if the Leuitenant Governer allows it.

The Leuitenant Governer could reserve ptovincial legislation for the consideration of the federal Cabinet. 

The LG could take legislation from prvinces and send it to ottawa.

Provincial premiers negotiate provincial concerns to federal gov't. We go talk to premiers and they carry our message to Fed.

Low IntrAstate Feralism - regional concerns are managed and talked about in national institutions. Australia