Federal support for regional economic development. Ottawa's support for the economies of the less affluent provinces is channelled mainly thorugh the Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency. 

Policies developed to merge regiononal differences and spread the wealth.  
Take money from AB give it to Atlantic.

Communication: CanCon and licenses. 

Canada Radio-Television Commision.

So that everyone in canada could have gas at a much lower price. In order to lower the rate, Alberta couldn't sell at the world price. There were also restrictions on how much was exported. Many oil companies shut down and didn't make very much money. We lost control over our natural resources.

1980

National Policy beginning in 1879 implemented high tariffs for goods being shipped across canada. The costs and benefits of tariffs were distributed unequally among regions. 

The cost of western farmers to ship grain by rail to the east was always high.

Put tariffs on imports to stimulate manufactoring in heartland. FTA (free trade act) in 1989 finally addressed the Wests concerns. Trading with the US made it easier to transport goods. NorthSouth vs. EastWest.

NEP

Canadian What Board

CRTC 

CBC

Atlantic Canada Opportunities Agency

Crow rate

Harold Innis

Canadian economic development has depended on exploiting natural resources rather than on manufactoring. "Hewers of wood an drawers of water"

Interest groups/pressure groups.

any group that seeks to influence public policy but not govern (Young and Everitt)

self interest vs. public interest (green peace)

selective vs. collective benefits (ex. emails)

Accordign to Paul Poss possess the following characterstics:

1.Posess organizational continuity and cohesion

2.have extensive knowledge of those sectors of gov't that affect their clients and enjoy easy communication with those sectors.

3.Have stable memberships

4.Have concrete and immediate obejctives.

5. Overall goals of the organization are more important than any particular objective.

Act passed in 1989. Amendments in '93, '95, '03, '06, Final: Lobbying Act of 2008.

3 catagories of Lobbyists:

1.Consultant lobbyists: those who charge a fee for advice.

2.Corporate in-house lobbyists: work for a single corporation as a lobbyist.

3.Organization in-house lobbyists: senior paid officers and othe remployees fo organizations - businesses, labour, environmental, charitable, etc.- whose activities include lobbying federal officials.

Royal commission on biligualism and biculturalism.

Royal commission of Inquiry on Aboriginal Peoples.

Royal commission on Electoral reform and Party financing

Royal commission on the Status of Women.

Different groups that are formed to look into and resolve the specified issue. Targeted by advocacy groups, just as MP's or political parties are.

Robert Borrassa makes french dominant in businesses and schools.

1970-76

René Lévesque 1976-1985 - After bill 22.

made french official language of Quebéc. 

Signs must be in french. 

1988 

Borrassa uses notwithstanding cluase to go against constitution to pass this. 

(inside and outside sings must be in french now)

Wider scope of bill 178.

Easier access for anglophones to english schools, those with english parents.

French is the language of legislature in Qbc. English may be also spoken in courts however.

Signs in public areas must be predominantly in french if they have another language on them as well but otherwise just french.

'93, '95

Seperatist

Used terrorist tacticts. 

1970: kidnapped and murdered Quebec MP Pierre Laporte. 

Trudea imposed War Measures Act and arrests more than 400 innocent seperatists. Turdea hoped by crushign the FLQ (and instituting bilinguilism) he would crush seperatism. 

on Ministeral Responsiblities

-Elected members of gov't must remain directly accountable for hte genearl lines of policy and for major decisions; of issues they bring to House. 

-Otherwise a vital link in the chain of accountibility that joins hte people to those who govern is lsot.

-Ministers should take steps in consultation with Deputy Ministers to see that trained personnel are available to administer any new initiavies and to establish proper procedures and oversight mechanisms.

When Britain defeated France, Quebec and other smaller areas became british colonies. Therefore they had to be enlgish speaking but in the case of Qbc, the french outnumbered the english. 8:1.

Since the large majority of the british colony of Qbc was french speakers. This act made Qbc French speaking and Catholic. 

This was done by establishing a council. Not an assembly.

1917 - Borden's promises to the war effort made conscriptio necessary and divided Cnd on language lines.

1939 - Referendum held. 73% say NO to seperation. Nationalism!

1960 - Liberal  (Lesage) becomes Premier

modernization, secularization, democratizationand urbanization explode.

Pre 1960 - great FvsE divide. Nationalism is INWARD looking and Defensive. Separation btwn Fed and Prov affairs in Qbc. Church united people. history, culture, language thru religion.

Post 1960 - Nationalism is protection and promotion of French language. The surge of wealth in big businesses and industry moves from english to french owning. 

Trudeau

-elected when?

-policies:

-events:

Elected 1968

1969 - Official Languages Act makes public service operate on a bilingual basis all over canada.

1970 - seperatist movement starts and one group used terrorist tacticts to kidnapp and kill an MP: Pierre Laport. Front de libération du Quebec. Trudeau imposed War Measures Act and arrests more than 400 innocent seperatists.

After 1960's Union Nationale and Parti Quebecois under Maurice Duplessis, Daniel Johnson and Rene Levesque, started Seperatist movement (FLQ was in '70) 

the term sovereignty-assosiation generally undersood to mean a politically soverign Qbc tha would be linked to canada thru some sort of commercial union or free trade agreement - than for outright political and economic separation. recognition as official distinct culture.

granted formal protection to the status of Roman Catholic religion and the "code civil" the basis for civil law in New France.

recognition and protection for distinct people in canada.

A two-nations theory of Canada, while enjoying some popularity in certain political parties and among anglophone political scientists, has never been very popular with the English-Canadian public. 

In an unarticulated way they sense that distinct society recognition for Quebec is a sort of Trojan horse fo a two-nations conception of Canada. 

This offends agaisnt a particular understanding of equality that objects to the idea that there are categories of Canadians instead of Canadians, period.

Diefenbaker - undermines national unity of cnd.

canada can be divided along regional or provincial lines.

instead of individualistic approach to nationalism, there needs to be provincial sovereignty. 

canada tries to have a federal-provincial duality, which naturally begets a nationalistic path, which ends in disconnect btwn provinces...and essentially fials as well as contradicting compact theory anyway. 

Sucessive reference is the notion that canada can be divided by provincial lines. results from 1995 referendum which failed. half and half?!

1967 - changes to point system

1971 - multicultural policy

1982 - Charter adopts section 27 reg. immgrtn

1988 - multiculturalism Act is passed

1988 - Japanese Redress Agreement

gender gap

why fewer women?

"the higher, the few" Sylvia Beshevkin.

win less often/ can't get votes

objectified by media

not seen as leaders

raise less money than men

less interested in politics

dislike negative behavior in politics

dod not resport to such confrontational methodsa as chaining themselves to the fences surrounding parliament, physically resisteing the police or hungers trikes 

instead they relied on petitions to govn't and efferots to persuade public opinion. 

Feminism

a framework of interpreting and explaining politics and society that sees gender as the fundamental basis of conflict in society and associates politics, in all its forms, with the systematic domination of males over females.

-liberal feminism(state is neutral and potentially ally for feminists. political institutions and the state are not inherently patriarchical but just male dominated)

-radical feminism (state is inherently patriarchical and not neutral. state is coercive and constitutes the interests of men as a gender)

-maternal feminism

-social feminism

two conditions were re quired:

1 - voters willing to vote for feminist supporters

2 - a political vehicle existed for women to articulate movement and change.

Lib and Cons parties showed little interest in women's movement, dismissive and hostile toward women's concerns.

Men's game and women should not participate.

movement was issue-based (took uncompromising positions on prohibition, political rights for women and social reform)

political parties rejected issue-based reforms, centered around policies. 

partisan loyalty, a way of staying away from issues.

individuals of Indian ancestry who have actively or passively given up their status rights but not their identity(eg. women who married white men)

Under Bill C-31 until 1985. 

gave jurisdiction over Indians and Indian lands to the federal government.

all land was federal land. BC cam in 1981 - so they missed out on this and now land must still be settled. 

wre designed to clear Aboriginal title so that the railroad could build through Aboriginal lands. 

Treaty 7 was signed in 1877, covered and created the Blood and Piikani reserves. (in AB)

Inuits

when brought into constitution

when was nunavut created?

brought in 1939 as "indians"

1950 - fed gov't starts to move inuits to permanent settlements.

1999 - creation of Nunavut (80%) inuit.

When did they get right to vote?

What is White-paper? (signif)

How was Assembly of First Nations creatd?

1960 (before, they had to give up status)

White paper on Indians - Trudeas was PM, Chrétien was Minister responsible for Indian Affairs. 

Called for assimilation and individual rights rather than group rights (Trudeau's ongoing concern) Eventually White paper had to be retracted because of outrage against it.

White paper sparked aboriginal mvmnt in Canada: protests, sit-in, road blocks. 

Assenbly of First Nations is created to speak for status of Indian.

Calder case 

Comprehensive claims

Specific Claims

1973 - recognized aboriginal title

based on aboriginal title and where no earlier treaty exists

arise from the alleged nonfulfillment of treaty agreements

Redistribution 

Gerrymandering

how many seats to each province and where to draw the lines for constituency.

gerrymandering - is the manipulation of boundaries for political purposes - used to be done by the candidates themselves to help them win. now done by elections office. since 1964

not a popular vote

single member plurality

Over-represents parties that win, and undermineds 2,3,places

More likely to produce false majorities and occasionally the second place in popular vote wins more seats

Remedies; proportional representation (PR)

Before 1974 effectively no laws nad numerous scandals. like the pacific scandal. buy votes.

74 -> spending limits introduced. 

After 1974 - Libs/cons/kind of NDP came into as official parties.

1867- 1921 - one party system

1921 - 1957 - two parties

1957 - 1993 - three

1993 - now - 4 

1993 - mulroney gets majority then tanks in '91. (15-17% pop)

-Meech Lake '87 - breaks party strength. .Bloc leavs conservative party, after meech lake makes Bloc qbc by itself.

-in '87 Bloc has 50 seats.

-1988 elections: conservatives lose votes in Qbc and in AB (to reform)

-Kim Campbell comes to power, and wins 2sts: Jean Charé and Elsie Wayne.

-Conservatives don't have official party status anymore. NDP also lost status. 

93 liberals dominate. 

-multiple cleavages force parties to aggregate interests. parties as agents of national integration. Class is minor: region and ethnicity.

- within the conservative party issues they didn't want to talk about would stay inside party. leader focused. too much division between parties.

ideology and class do not coincide in canada.

union workers don't vote NDP. 

 HG thorburn

 - liberals dominated and then conservatives.

naturally conservatives are criticts.

Decline of parties

John Meisel

 - people have flocked to toehr insitutions for that which parites used to do. 

parties don't do anything.

people are not joining political parties. no interest.

why only minor parties?

 - region (3 f/e cn/us regionalism)

 - ethnicity (f/e/multi)

 - class/ideology (voting based on ideology)

 - poor economy (bad times, ppl vote agry)

 - charismatic leadersip

 - rigid party discipline (Lipset)

 - AB as quasi-party system or politics of oil (petro state - no democracy)