Term
| What are the 2 Bisphosphonates? |
|
Definition
| Alendronate and Pamidronate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the parathyroid hormone like drug? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is calcium tightly regulated both intra and extra cellularly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average PLASMA level of Ca? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average CYTOPLASMIC level of Ca? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What locations in the body is Calcium exchange hormonally controlled? |
|
Definition
| Intestines, Bone, and Kidneys |
|
|
Term
| How much calcium is absprbed in the Intestines Daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average in take of Ca for the Average American Daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone dictates how much Ca is absorbed in the Intestines? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average flux of calcium in and out of Bone Daily? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much Calcium is filtered Daily in the kidneys? How much is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
| 9000 mg filtered with 8850 mg Ca reabsorbed |
|
|
Term
| Where in the Intestines is Calcium Absorbed? |
|
Definition
| Proximal Small Intestines (Active Process) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates Intestinal Calcium absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormone inhibits Intestinal Calcium Absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the Kidney does Calcium absorption occur? |
|
Definition
| Proximal Tubule (Active Process) |
|
|
Term
| What hormone stimulates Calcium Absorption in the Kidneys? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to decreased Renal Calcium Clearance? |
|
Definition
| Thiazide Diuretics such as Hydrochlorothiazide |
|
|
Term
| What drugs can lead to hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Thiazide Diuretics due to Decreased Clearance |
|
|
Term
| What drug can lead to increased Renal Calcium Clearance? |
|
Definition
| Loop Diuretics such as Furosemide |
|
|
Term
| What can Furosemide and other Loop Diuretics lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does parathyroid hormone stimulate in the Bone to increase calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hormones can inhibit Osteoclast activity leading to decreased plasma Calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is stimulated in order to increase Bone Mineralization? |
|
Definition
| Osteoblast Activity to Build Bone |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates bone mineralization? |
|
Definition
| Sodium Flouride, Calcium, and Teraparatide |
|
|
Term
| What does tereparatide stimulate? |
|
Definition
| Osteoblast activity so Bone Mineralization |
|
|
Term
| If Plasma Calcium levels get too low what is triggered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates Osteoclasts, Increases Kidney Reabsorption, and Activates Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What effect does PTH have on Vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| It actually activates the final step in the formation of VItamin D |
|
|
Term
| If Plasma Calcium Levels get too high what is triggered? |
|
Definition
| Signals C cells of Thyroid to secrete Calcitonin |
|
|
Term
| What is the main action of Calcitonin? |
|
Definition
| Decrease Osteoclast Activity leading to more deposition of Calcium into Bone |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids are in Parathyroid Hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the release of PTH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids make up Calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is Calcitonin made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stimulates Calcitonin release? |
|
Definition
| High Plasma Calcium Levels |
|
|
Term
| What are the two activities of Vitamin D? |
|
Definition
| Increases Intestinal Absorption of Calcium and Increases Bone Mineralization |
|
|
Term
| What is needed to stimulate the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol to Vitamin D3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is D3 then converted to in the liver? |
|
Definition
| 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 by 25 Hydroxylase |
|
|
Term
| What is 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 converted to? |
|
Definition
| 1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (Calcitriol) which is the active form |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of Estrogen on Calcium Regulation? |
|
Definition
| Reduces PTH effects on bone |
|
|
Term
| What inhibits the action of VItamin D? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can lead to hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Hyperparathyroidism, Malignancies that make PTH, Vitamin D Toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 treatments for Hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Saline DIuresis, Loop Diuretics, Calicitonin, Corticosteroids, Gallium Nitrate, and Bisphosphonates |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of action of Saline diuresis in the treatment of hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Promotes volume expansion and decreased concentration of Ca, followed by loop diuretics |
|
|
Term
| Is Calcitonin more of an acute or chronic treatment plan? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of Calcitonin available? |
|
Definition
| Human and Salmon (10x more Potent) |
|
|
Term
| Is Calcitonin orally active? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Calcitonin usually administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with using Salmon Calcitonin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is Calcitonin not typically a useful treatment? |
|
Definition
| PTH and Vitamin D are more active and Calcitonin isnt very effective |
|
|
Term
| What happens to Calcium levels in patients with C cell Carcinomas producing 1000x the normal amount? |
|
Definition
| They retain normal Calcium Levels |
|
|
Term
| What is typically used to treat Vitamin D toxicity? |
|
Definition
| Corticosteroids, they inhibit Vitamin D in the Intestines |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of Gallium Nitrate? |
|
Definition
| Used to Treat Hypercalcemia, Inhibits Osteoclast Activity |
|
|
Term
| What are the Bisphosphonates? |
|
Definition
| Alendronate, Pamidronate, Zoledronate, and Etridronate |
|
|
Term
| What drugs end in "dronate"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other than Hypercalcemia are Bisphosphonates used to treat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do Bisphosphonates work to treat hypercalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Inhibit Osteoclast Activity |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of Hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Hypoparathyroidism and Vit D Deficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convulsions, and muscle cramps?,Hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat Hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
| Calcium Salts and Vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| What is used acutely to treat Hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
| 10% Calcium Chloride or Calcium Gluconate IV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Active Vitamin D used to treat Hypocalcemia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disordered Bone remodeling due to Increased Number and Activity of Osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| What diease has Weak Bones |
|
Definition
| Arthritis, Deafness, and Elevated Serum Alkaline Phosphatase?,Pagets Disease |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat Pagets DIsease? |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin and Bisphosphonates |
|
|
Term
| What are Bisphosphonates structurall similar to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the activity of Bisphosphonates? |
|
Definition
| Adsord to Bone Crystal Surface and Inhibit Osteoclastic Activity |
|
|
Term
| Are Bisphosphonates easily absorbed orally? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug can cause esophagitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| High doses of Bisphosphonates can cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be done to reduce the potential for Esophagitis when taking oral Bisphosphonates? |
|
Definition
| Standing and Drinking Large Glass of Water when taking the Drug |
|
|
Term
| What is the new protocol for effective Bisphosphonate administration by IV? |
|
Definition
| Can be given only once a Year |
|
|
Term
| What is used to treat hypercalcemia |
|
Definition
| Pagets Disease, and Osteoporosis?,Bisphosphonates |
|
|
Term
| What are some risk factors in Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Negative Calcium Balance, estrogen deficiency, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced exercise, slight build, smoking, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced exercise, slight build, smoking, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| include negative calcium balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced exercise, slight build, smoking, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| include negative calcium balance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduced exercise, slight build, smoking, corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Estrogen Def. (Postmenopausal), Reduced Vit D, Reduced Exercise, Small Build, Smoking, and Corticosteroid Use |
|
|
Term
| What drugs are used to treat osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Bisphosphonates, Raloxifene, Estrogen Patch, Teriparatide, Calcitonin, VItamin D, and Calcium |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of Raloxifene? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some negtive side effects of Low Dose Estrogren Patch? |
|
Definition
| Could Cause Breast Cancer or Stroke |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of Estrogen against Osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
| Inhibits PTHs effects on bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the MOA of Teriparatide? |
|
Definition
| It is the first 34 AAs of PTH but Causes bone formation |
|
|
Term
| What is the worst side effect of Teriparatide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Teriparatide Administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A patient with prostate cancer is given Iuprolide to Chemically Castrate |
|
Definition
| which leads to increased Risk of Bone loss, what is he prescribed?,Calcitonin intranasally, Vit D supplement, and Bisphosphanates |
|
|
Term
| Aunt Rose is a postmenopausal woman |
|
Definition
| who has been encouraged by her gynecologist to take multivitamins containing Vitamin D. Vitamin D is beneficial for postmenopausal women bcause it:,Increases the Synthesis of an Intestinal Calcium-Binding Protein |
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