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The process of cultural change that results from ongoing contact between two or more culturally different groups. |
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The anxiety and tension associated with acculturation. |
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Mostly unconscious nonverbal actions that satisfy physiological or psychological needs such as scratching an itch. |
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Third stage of culture shock characterized by where people actively seek out effective problem-solving and conflict resolution strategies. |
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Nonverbal presentations of emotion, primarily communicated through facial expressions |
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Approach-avoidance tendencies during intercultural communication. The extent to which one experiences intercultural communication apprehension and one's willingness to communicate. |
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Micro-cultural group in the United States whose ancestors were brought to the United States as slaves. |
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A micro-cultural religiously oriented group whose members practice simple and austere living. |
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Nonverbal communication, including vocal elements such as voice pitch. |
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Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory: |
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1. Theory that describes how individuals can manage (rather then reduce) uncertainty and anxiety during intercultural communication. |
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According to the Census Bureau, people with ancestries originating from Arabic speaking countries or areas of the world. |
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Marriage that is initiated and negotiated by a third party, other than the bride and groom. |
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: The degree to which an individual takes on the behaviors and language habits and practices the basic rules and norms of the host culture while relinquishing ties with the native culture. |
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Avoiding Communication Style |
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The degree to which a person ignores both self-face need and other-face need. |
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Behaviors that focus on an attempt to save the face of the other person. |
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1. Adaptations to the terrestrial environment, including architecture, housing, lighting, and landscaping. |
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Carpentered-World Hypothesis |
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: Learned tendency by those living in industrialized cultures to interpret non-rectangular figures as rectangles in perspective. |
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Classifying or sorting of perceived information into distinct groups. |
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1. The perception and use of time. |
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: Higher mental processes, such as perception and memory. |
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Cultural orientation that the group is the primary unit of culture. Group goals take precedence over individual goals. |
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Communication Apprehension: |
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The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with another person or group of persons. |
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The simultaneous encoding, decoding, and interpretation of verbal and nonverbal messages between people. |
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Compromising communication style: |
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1. The degree to which a person tries to balance both self-face and other-face needs. |
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Conflict Interaction Styles: |
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1. The ways individuals manage actual conflict. |
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1. : The cultural, physical, social, and psychological environment. |
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1. An accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behavior held by an identifiable group of people with a common verbal and nonverbal symbol system. |
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1. : Mode of acculturation where the individual chooses to identify with a third cultural group (e.g., microculture) which materializes out of the native and host cultural groups. |
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1. The effects associated with the tension and anxiety of entering into a new culture combined with the sensations of loss, confusion, and powerlessness resulting from the forfeiture of cultural norms and social rituals. |
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1. : An accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors, shared by an identifiable group of people with a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol system. |
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1. Memory loss due to lack of use. |
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1. The literal meaning of a word; the dictionary meaning. |
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Dominating communication style: |
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1. The degree to which a person asserts a high self-face need while simultaneously discounting the other-face need. |
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1. Behaviors that are characterized by an individual’s need to control the conflict situation and defend his or her self-face. |
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1. : A verbal battle of insults between speakers who are judged for their originality and creativity by a small group of listeners. This is the highest form of verbal warfare and impromptu speaking in many African-American communities. |
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1. : Something considered active and forceful. |
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1. : From the terms ebony and phonics, a grammatically robust and rich African-American speech pattern whose roots are in West Africa. |
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1. : Primarily hand gestures that have a direct verbal translation. Can be used to repeat or substitute for verbal communication. |
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1. How one might use his or her emotions to guide conflict. This is demonstrated by the type of person who listens to his or her base feelings and proceeds accordingly. |
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1. The geographical and psychological location of communication within some cultural context. |
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1. : A component of long-term memory where private individual memories are stored. |
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1. The group affiliation or ancestral origins of an individual. A more appropriate word than the social construct of "race," ethnicity may refer to religious, language-based, or geographic origins, according to an individual's genetic or self-definition. |
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Ethnocentric Attributional Bias: |
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1. The tendency to make internal attributions for the positive behavior of the ingroup while making external attributions for its negative behavior. |
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1. : Tendency to place one's own group (cultural, ethnic, or religious) in a position of centrality and worth, and to create negative attitudes and behaviors toward other groups. |
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: A person’s sense of favorable self-worth or self-image experienced during communicative situations; an emotional extension of the self-concept; considered a universal concept; that is, people in all cultures have a sense of face, but the specific meanings of face may vary across cultures. |
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1. : The communicative strategies employed to manage one’s own face or to support or challenge another’s face. Can be employed to initiate, manage, or terminate conflict. |
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1. Space bounded by immovable or permanent fixtures, such as walls. |
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1. : A socially constructed and learned creation usually associated with one's sex; masculinity and femininity. People are born into a sex group, but learn to become masculine or feminine. The meaning of gender stems from the particular culture's value system. |
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1. : Self-report instrument designed to measure generalized ethnocentrism |
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1. : Nonverbal communication via physical contact or touch. |
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1. Cultural orientation where meanings are gleaned from the physical, social, and psychological contexts. |
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1. Situation with a high information rate. |
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1. : Defined by the U.S. Government as a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race. |
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1. : Microculture belonging to the Sino-Tibetan language family and are culturally similar to the Chinese. The Hmong, which means "free people" or "mountain people" fought for the United States during the Vietnam War and many have immigrated to the United States since the end of the war. |
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1. Cultural orientation where the self is seen as a member of an ingroup whose members are similar to each other. |
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Horizontal Individualism: |
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1. Cultural orientation where an autonomous self is valued but the self is more or less equal with others. |
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Illusory Correlation Principle: |
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1. When two objects or persons are observed to be linked in some, people have a tendency to believe they are always linked (or correlated). |
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1. : Primarily hand and arm movements that function to accent or complement speech. |
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1. : Cultural orientation that the individual is unique and emphasizing individual goals over group goals. |
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1. Space defined by the movement of the interactants. |
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1. The amount of information contained or perceived in the physical environment per some unit of time. |
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1. : A membership group whose norms, goals, and values shape the behavior of the members. Extreme ingroups see the actions of an outgroup as threatening to the ingroup. |
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Integrating communication style: |
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1. The degree to which a person assumes a high self-face need while also attending to the needs of the other-face. |
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1. Behaviors that allow for the shared concern for self- and other-face and strives for closure in the conflict |
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1. : Mode of acculturation where the individual develops a kind of bicultural orientation which successfully blends and synthesizes cultural dimensions from both groups while maintaining an identity in each group. |
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1. : During communication, the voluntary and conscious encoding and decoding of messages. |
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1. : A process between two people. |
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Intercultural Communication Apprehension (ICA): |
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1. The fear or anxiety associated with either real or anticipated communication with a person from another culture or co-culture. |
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Intercultural Communication: |
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1. Two persons from different cultures or co-cultures exchanging verbal and nonverbal messages. |
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Intercultural competence: |
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1. The ability to adapt one’s verbal and nonverbal messages to the appropriate cultural context. |
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1. The experience of emotional frustration or mismatched expectations between individuals from different cultures who perceive an incompatibility between their values, norms, goals, scarce resources, or outcomes during an intercultural exchange. |
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Intercultural willingness to communicate: |
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Definition
1. Predisposition to initiate intercultural interaction with persons from different cultures even when completely free to choose whether or not to communicate. |
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1. : During recall, when new or old information blocks or obstructs the recall of other information. |
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1. The actual location and context of the conflict. |
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Involuntary Membership Group: |
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1. A group to which a person belongs and has no choice but to belong, such as a person's sex, race, and age group. |
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Involuntary Nonmembership Group: |
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1. A group to which a person does not belong because of ineligibility. |
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1. : General category of body motion, including emblems, illustrators, affect displays, and adaptors. |
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1. : The extent of one's awareness of another's culture's values etc. Also the extent to which one is cognitively simple, rigid and ethnocentric. |
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1. Cognitive storage area where large amounts of information are held relatively permanently. |
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1. Cultural orientation where meanings are encoded in the verbal code. |
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1. Situation with a low information rate. |
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1. Factors that are out of the control of the interactants. These conditions include any history of subjugation, ideological/ structural inequality, and minority group strength. |
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1. A group to which a person belongs where there is regular interaction among members who perceive of themselves as members. |
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1. The storage of information in the human brain over time. |
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Micro or Individual level: |
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1. Each individual’s unique attitudes, dispositions, and beliefs that he or she brings to the conflict. |
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1. : An identifiable group of people who share a set of values, beliefs, and behaviors and who possess a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol system that is similar to but systematically varies from the larger, often dominant cultural milieu. |
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1. Subordinate group whose members have significantly less power and control over their own lives than members of the dominant or majority group. |
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Monochronic Time Orientation: |
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1. Cultural temporal orientation that stresses the compartmentalization and segmenting of measurable units of time. |
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1. Microcultures who are forced to express themselves (e.g., speak, write) within the dominant mode of expression. |
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1. The concern for both parties’ images or the image of the relationship |
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1. The use of a passive–aggressive approach where one might ignore the conflict but attempt to elicit a response from the other via aggressive acts. |
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1. A group to which a person does not belong. |
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Nonverbal Expectancy Violations Theory |
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1. : Theory that posits that people hold expectations about the nonverbal behavior of others. When these expectations are violated, people evaluate the violation positively or negatively depending on the source of the violation. |
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Obliging communication style: |
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1. The degree to which a person puts the other-face need ahead of self-face need. |
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1. The perception and use of smell, scent, and odor. |
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1. An organized pattern of values, beliefs, behaviors and communication channels held by the members of an organization |
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1. The concern for another’s image. |
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Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: |
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1. The tendency to see members of an outgroup as highly similar while seeing the members of the ingroup as unique and individual. |
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1. : A group whose attributes are dissimilar from an ingroup's and who opposes the realization of ingroup goals. |
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1. : Characteristics of the voice such as pitch, rhythm, intensity, volume, and rate. |
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1. : The mental interpretation of external stimuli via sensation. |
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1. The attitudes, emotions, and motivations of the persons engaged in communication and how they affect information-processing. |
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1. Physical, social, and psychological processes that screen and bias incoming stimuli. |
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Personal Report of Communication Apprehension (PRCA): |
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1. Self-report instrument designed to measure communication apprehension. |
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1. The practice of having multiple husbands. |
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Polychronic Time Orientation: |
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1. Cultural temporal orientation that stresses the involvement of people and the completion of tasks as opposed to strict adherence to schedules. Time is not seen as measurable. |
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1. : The practice of having multiple spouses. |
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1. : The practice of having multiple wives. |
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1. The extent to which less powerful members of a particular culture accept and expect that power within the culture will be distributed unequally. |
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1. The extent to which members of a culture expect and accept that power is unequally distributed. |
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1. : The degree to which an individual can control the visual, auditory, and olfactic interaction with others. |
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1. : Anything ongoing, ever-changing, and continuous. |
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1. : The perception and use of space, including territoriality and personal space. |
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1. : The extent to which one can translate cultural knowledge into appropriate verbal and nonverbal performance and role enactment. |
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1. A social construct based primarily on skin color. A more scientific term is ethnicity, which refers to places of ancestral origin. |
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1. To call to mind a recollection of stored information. |
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1. The effects associated with the tension and anxiety of returning to one's native culture after an extended stay in a foreign culture. |
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1. A group to which a person may or may not belong, but identifies in some way with the values and goals of the group. |
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1. : Nonverbal acts that manage and govern communication between people, such as stance, distance, eye contact, etc. |
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1. Shared meaning and harmonization that is the outcome or result of interaction of two people. |
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1. : An individual's ability to be sensitive to the communication of others, including providing feedback, comforting communication, and listening. |
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1. Selecting language and nonverbal communication with thought and care so that one adapts communication effectively to the other person and the context. |
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1. : One's relative hierarchical position or rank in a group. A role is a prescribed set of behaviors that are expected in order to fulfill the role. Roles prescribed with whom, about what, and how to interact with others. |
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1. The concern for one’s own image. |
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1. A part of long-term memory where general information, such as how to read and write, and the meanings of words are stored. |
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Semi-fixed Featured Space: |
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1. Space bounded by movable objects such as furniture. |
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1. : Gathering of visual, auditory, olfactic, haptic and taste stimuli/information. |
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1. Eyes, ears, nose, mouth, and skin. |
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1. : Storage center for raw sense data. |
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1. A prescribed set of behaviors assigned to different sexes. |
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1. A designation of people based on biological genital differences. |
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1. The extent to which the environmental context, previous contact, status differential and third-party intervention affect one's competence during intercultural communication. |
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1. The total combination of one's group roles. A part of the individual's self-concept that is derived from the person's membership in groups. |
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1. : A culture's organization of roles into a hierarchical vertical status structure. |
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SocioCommunicative Style: |
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1. Degree of assertiveness and responsiveness during communication. |
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1. The role relationship between the interactants (i.e., brother/sister) |
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Socio-Relational Context: |
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1. The roles that one assumes within a culture that are defined by verbal and nonverbal messages. |
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1. : Hybrid language combining the phonological features (i.e., sounds) and syntactic structures (grammar) of English and Spanish. |
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1. : A subset of categorizing involving the attribution of characteristics of a group to an individual based on individual's membership in that group. Stereotypes are categories with an attitude. |
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1. : An arbitrarily selected and learned stimulus representing something else. |
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1. The physical geography of the earth. |
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1. That which is created when a dyad consisting of persons from different cultures come together and establish relational empathy. |
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1. The extent to which a person would engage an outsider to act as a go-between in the conflict. |
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1. : The simultaneous encoding and decoding process during communication. |
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1. The degree to which members of a particular culture feel threatened by unpredictable, uncertain, or unknown situations. |
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Uncertainty Reduction Theory: |
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1. The major premise of this theory is that when strangers first meet, their primary goal is to reduce uncertainty. |
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: The amount of unpredictability during communication. |
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1. : Criteria for selecting and justifying behavior. Values have a cognitive, affective, and behavioral component. |
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Definition
1. Cultural orientation where the individual sees the self as an integral part of the ingroup but whose members are different than each other (e.g., status). |
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Definition
1. Cultural orientation where an autonomous self is valued but the self is seen as different and perhaps unequal with others. |
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Voluntary Membership Group: |
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1. A membership group to which a person belongs out of choice, like a political party or service organization. |
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