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C4-28C Neoplasia. Classification & diagnosis.
Cancer Naming Time
30
Immunology
Professional
12/11/2010

Additional Immunology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term




Neoplasms

Definition

Benign or Malignant
2 components:  Parenchyma (clonal neoplastic cells) that determines the tumor’s biologic behavior. Reactive stroma (connective tissue - support, blood vessels - growth, macrophages and lymphocytes)
Amount of stroma determines the consistency of the tumor
Desmoplasia - abundant collagenous stroma due to stimulation by parenchymal cells. (Breast, pancreas, prostate)  

Term




Benign Epithelial Neoplasms

Definition

Adenoma
Papilloma
Cystadenoma
Papillary cystadenoma
Polyp

Term




Adenoma

Definition

A benign epithelial neoplasm that arises from glands or forms glandular structures.
Thyroid, bronchial, renal tubular, hepatic cell, adrenal adenomas.

Term




Papilloma

Definition

A benign neoplasm arising from surface epithelial, and forms delicate epithelial finger like projections over a core of fibro vascular tissue.

Squamous papilloma of the skin, tongue, TC papilloma of urinary bladder, choroid plexus, intraductal papilloma of the breast

Term




Cystadenoma and Papillary Cystadenoma

Definition

A benign epithelial neoplasm that forms a cystic structure.
Common site is the ovary

Papillary Cystadenoma:
Cystadenoma with papillary projections on its internal surface.
Ovary is a common site.

 

Term




Polyps

Definition

Neoplasms that produce a visible protrusion above the mucosal surface.
Colonic (tubular adenoma) and uterine
Benign and malignant
Malignant polyps are termed polypoid cancers.

Term




Benign Mesenchymal tumors

Definition

Connective tissue:  lipoma, fibroma, chondroma, osteoma
Endothelial and related tissue:  hemangioma lymphangioma, meningioma
Muscle: smooth (leiomyoma) and striated (rhabdomyoma)

Term




Lipoma

Definition

Benign mesenchymal tumor of adipose tissue
Well circumscribed mass of mature adipose tissue.
Cut surface is yellow
Most common benign tumor in males

Term




Fibroma

Definition

Benign  mesenchymal tumor of fibrous tissue
Seen in the ovary

Term




Chondroma

Definition

Benign mesenchymal tumor of hyaline cartilage.
Nodular configuration
Micro:  well circumscribed nodules of hyaline cartilage with hyaline matrix and neoplastic chrondrocytes in lacunae

Term




Osteoma

Definition

Benign mesenchymal tumor of bone.
Micro:  Composed  of haphazard inter-connected trabeculae of woven bone

Term




Hemangioma

Definition

Benign tumor of blood vessels
Micro:  closely packed blood vessels

Term




Lymphangioma

Definition

Benign tumor of the lymph vessels.
Characterized by cystic or cavernous spaces
Seen in the skin or deeper regions of the neck, axilla (cystic hygroma) mediastinum and retro peritoneum.

Term




Leiomyoma

Definition

Benign tumors of smooth muscle
Uterus is a common location
Also noted in the GI tract
Most common tumor in females
Stain: smooth muscle actin (SMA)

Term




Rhabdomyoma

Definition

Benign  mesenchymal tumor of striated muscle
Heart is a common site

Term




Hydatidiform mole

Definition

Benign neoplasm of the chorionic villi
Gross:  appear like a bunch of grapes

Term




Melananocytic nevus

Definition

Benign tumor of melanocytes.

Term




Pleomorphic adenoma (Mixed tumor)

Definition

Benign neoplasm of the salivary gland (Parotid).
Neoplastic cells have two different morphologic patterns but derive from the same germ cell layer.

Term




Teratoma

Definition

Arise from the totipotent cell and is common in the gonads and midline tissue.
Benign form is a mature teratoma
Dermoid cyst (mainly ectodermal differentiation)
Malignant form is an immature teratoma or teratocarcinoma

Term




Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Definition

Malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from squamous epithelium.

Microscopically pavement epithelium and  keratin pearls are noted.
Lung, Skin, Cervix, Esophagus (upper 2/3)

Term




Adenocarcinoma

Definition

Malignant epithelial neoplasm that forms glands or arises from glandular tissue.
Colon, Lung, Stomach, Endometrium

Term




Transitional cell carcinoma

Definition

Malignant epithelial neoplasm that arises from transitional epithelium.
Common site is the urinary bladder.

Term




Osteosarcoma

Definition

Malignant tumor of bone
Micro: malignant osteoid is noted
Seen in young males
Common site around the knee

Term




Choristoma

Definition

Ectopic rest of normal tissue / normal tissue misplaced within another organ
Pancreatic tissue in a Meckel’s diverticulum, stomach
Adrenal tissue in the renal cortex

Term



 

Other Definitions

Definition

Hypertrophy: increase in size of the cell
Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells
Metaplasia: replacement of one adult cell type by another (columnar to squamous)
Dysplasia: (abnormal growth) cytologic abnormality which is a precursor of malignancy
Anaplasia: loss of differentiation

Term




Morphology of Malignant Cells

Definition

Pleomorphism: variation in size and shape
Hyperchromasia: increased DNA
Increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio (1:1), normal 1:4-1:6
Chromatin clumping, Large nucleoli, Atypical bizarre mitosis, tumor giant cells
Anaplastic cells growing in a disorganized fashion 

Term




Lymphatic Spread

Definition

Usual mechanism for the spread of carcinomas
Spreads  to nodes along the route of drainage
Lung to hilar nodes; Breast to axillary nodes

Term




Hematogenous Spread

Definition

Usual mechanism for dissemination of sarcomas

Cells entering the portal vein go to liver; cell entering the vena cava go to the lung

Renal cell and hepato-cellular ca, lymphatic and hematogenous spread

Term




Grade of Cancer

Definition

Based on the degree of differentiation and the number of mitoses
Correlates with the aggressiveness of the neoplasm
Four grades
Grade I is well differentiated and Grade IV is poorly differentiated

Term




Stage of the tumor

Definition

Determines the extent of spread
Based on Tumor size, spread to lymph Nodes and presence or absence of Metastases
Two major staging systems
TNM Staging
American Joint Committee (AJC) on cancer staging

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