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C228 Review_Chapter 5
Care of Special Populations
59
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
07/16/2016

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Cards

Term
Examples of vulnerable populations; people subject to the following issues
Definition
* violence
* substance abuse
* mental health
* homelessness
* rural and migrant health
Term
Factors affecting vulnerable populations
Definition
* poverty
* poor self esteem
* young or advanced age
* chronic stress
* emotional instability
* environmental factors
Term
Health care goals for vulnerable populations
Definition
* encourage use of PCP
* increase # with health insurance
* make access to health care easier for immigrants
Term
Types of violence: homicide
Definition
* stranger killer usually r/t substance abuse
* most homicides are known killer (family, friend) during argument
* in families, homicide often precedes abuse
* increased rate among adolescents
Term
Types of violence: assault
Definition
* Males are more likely to be assaulted
* youths are at higher risk
Term
Types of violence: rape
Definition
* underreported / unreported
* date / maritabl rape
* most violence against women is intimate partner violence
* increased incidence reported in cities betwn 8 p and 2 a, on weekends, and in summer
Term
Types of violence: suicide
Definition
* women make more ATTEMPTS
* men more likely to die
* males 15 to 19 more likely to commit suicide than females in same age
Term
Types of violence: abuse
Definition
Physical
* pain or harm results
* infant -- shaken baby
* domestic partner -- striking / strangling
* older adult -- pushing
Sexual -- contact without consent
Emotional
* minimizes individual's self-worth
* humiliates, threatens, intimidates family member
Neglect, failure to provide
* physical care (e.g., feeding)
* emotional care / stimulation for child to develop
* education, not enrolling child in school
* needed health / dental care
Economic maltreatment
* failure to provide needs when adequte funds available
* unpaid bills when another manging finances, resulting in loss of utilities
Term
Factors influencing individual's potential for violence
Definition
* hx of abuse / exposure to violence
* low self-esteem
* fear / distrust of others
* poor self-control
* inadequate social skills
* immature motivation for marriage / childbearing
* weak coping skills
Term
Signs of actual or potential child abuse
Definition
* unexplained injury
* unusual fear of nurse or others
* evidence of injuries not mentioned in history (old burns, scars, ecchymsis, bite marks
* fractures, older healed fx
* subdural hematomas
* trauma to genitalia
* malnourishment / dehydration
* poor hygiene
* inappropriate dress for weather
* "bad child"
Term
Signs of elder abuse
Definition
* unexplained / repeated physical injuries
* physical neglect / unmet basic needs
* rejection of assistance by caregiver
* financial mismanagement
* withdrawal / passivity
* depression
Term
Community / social factors r/t violence
Definition
* work stress
* unemployment
* media exposure to violence
* crowded living conditions
* poverty
* feelings of powerlessness
* social isolation
* lack of community resources (playgrounds, parks, theaters)
Term
Primary prevention strategies to reduce societal violence
Definition
* teach alternative methods of conflict resolution
* parenting classes
* community services available for protection
* community ed about aging and safeguards needed for older adults
* reducing stress for caregivers
* increasing support for isolated families
* ed adults about how to safeguard finances
* teach -- no one has right to touch or hurt
* teach how to report
Term
Secondary prevention strategies to reduce societal violence
Definition
* ID / screen those at risk for abuse or being an abuser
* assess / eval any unexplained bruises / injuries
* screen all pregnant women for potential abuse
* refer sexual assault victims to ER for physical evidence; ed re protection of evidence
* counsel anyone contemplating suicide or homicide; refer
* support / educate offender, even tho referral must be made
* held offenders deal with stressors causing neg behavor
* ed re available resources in community
Term
Tertiary prevention r/t societal violence
Definition
* est parameters for long-term f/u
* provide #'s for crisis lines / shelters
* work with parents if kid in foster care
* refer to mental health for long-term assistance
* provide grief counseling for victims
* develop support groups
* advocate for legislation to assist older adult independence and increase funding for programs for services to low-income and at-risk individuals
Term
When caring for clients who experience violence:
Definition
* build trust / confidence with a client
* focus on client rather than situation
* assess for immediate danger
* provide emergence care as needed
* dev plan for safety
* make needed referrals for community services and legal options
* complete mandatory reporting`
Term
Substance abuse
Definition
Use of any substance threatening individual's health or social and economic functioning
Term
substance abuse
Definition
* affects all family members
* produces codependency in nonaddicted individuals
Term
substance abuse
Definition
harms family life, public safety, economy
Term
addiction
Definition
pattern of pathological, compulsive use of substances that can involve physiological dependence
Term
cardinal signs of addiction
Definition
tolerance / withdrawal
Term
Primary sign of addiction: denial
Definition
* defensiveness
* lying about use
* minimizing use
* blaming / rationalizing use
* intellectualizing
Term
Health problems associated with drug abuse and addiction
Definition
* low birth wt
* congenital abnormalities
* accidents
* homicides
* suicides
* chronic diseases
* violence
Term
body processes alcohold dependent on
Definition
* size / weight
* gender
* carbonation
* time
* food
* emotional state
Term
alcohol
Definition
filtered by liver at 1 oz / hr
Term
excess alcohol
Definition
circulates in brain; affects CNS and brain
Term
tolerance
Definition
frequent consisten drinkers develop tolerance
Term
alcohol withdrawal
Definition
* 6 hrs later
* irritability
* tremors
* nausea
* vominting
* HA
* diaphoresis
* anxiety
* sleep disturbance
Term
alcohol withdrawal
Definition
increased BP / HR
Term
tobacco use
Definition
smoking -- most preventable cause of death in US
Term
cigarette smoking
Definition
CV disease, cancer, resp disease
Term
other tobacco -- cigars, pipes, smokeless tobacco
Definition
cancer of lips, mouth, throat
Term
secondhand smoke
Definition
respiratory disease, lung cancer
Term
benzodiazepines
Definition
at onset of alcohol withdrawal can prevent DT's
Term
other stimulants
Definition
caffeine, amphetamines, cocaine
Term
other depressants
Definition
barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioids, heroin
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
euphoria, stimulation, hallucinations
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
* lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)
* phencyclidine (PCP)
* MDMA (Ectasy)
Term
inhalants
Definition
volatile substances that are inhaled (huffed) -- death from acute cardiac dysrhythmias or asphyxiation
Term
Assessment of individual re substance abuse
Definition
* establish rapport
* mattor of fact tone
* nonjudgmental
* normalize when appropriate
* seek info about substances used, methods use, quantity, frequency
* elicit info about consequences
* blackouts
* OD
* injuries self / others
* legal / social difficulties
* family history
Term
Physical assessment w substance abuse
Definition
* VS -- BP, HR, temp elevated
* resp rapid, shallow, depressed
* appearance -- disheveled, unsteady gait
* eyes -- dilated / pinpoint pupils; red, poor eye contact
* skin -- diaphoretic, cool, clammy, needle tracks, spider angiomas
* nose -- runny, congested, red, cauliflower-shaped
* tremors -- fine / course
Term
Primary prevention strategies for substance abuse
Definition
* increase public awareness
* encourage development of life skills
Term
Secondary prevention strategies for substance abuse
Definition
* ID at-risk individuals; assist reduction of stress
* screen for excessive substance abuse
Term
Tertiary prevention strategies for substance abuse
Definition
* assist client to develop plan to avoid high-risk situations; enhance coping and lifestyle changes
* refer to community groups (AA, NA)
* monitr pharmacological mgt
* provide emotional support to recovering abusers / families; + reinforcement
Term
Mental Illness characteristics
Definition
* occurs across lifespan
* high risk of substance abuse
* high suicide risk
* some disorders
* affective (bipolar, depression)
* anxiety (OCD, panic, phobias, PTSD
* Sschizophrenia
* dementia
* conduct disorders
* eating disorders
Term
Factors contribution to mental health of aggregates
Definition
* individual coping abilities
* stressful life events (exposure to violence)
* social events (divorce, separation, unemployment, bereavement)
* chronic health problems
* stigma associated with seeking mental health services
Term
Primary prevention for mental health
Definition
* educate
* stress-reduction techniques
* parenting classes
* bereavement support
* promote protective factors (eg, coping abilities) and risk factor reduction
Term
Secondary prevention for mental health
Definition
* screen for mental health disorders
* work directly with individuals, families, groups through therapeutic relationship
* conduct crisis intervention
Term
Tertiary prevention for mental health
Definition
* perform med monitoring
* provide interventions
* refer to professionals, support groups
* maintain level of function to prevent relapse or frequent rehospitalization
* ID triggers that may lead to relapse
* assist in planning regular lifestyle and minimizing sources of stress
* educate re med SE / interactions
Term
Characteristics of homeless
Definition
* Unemployed, low wages, migrant workers
* female head of household
* families with children (growing fast)
* mentally ill (lg segment)
* people with substance abuse issue
* abandoned children
* adolescent runaways
* older adults with no one to care for them
Term
Health conditions of homeless
Definition
* upper resp disorders
* TB
* skin disorders (athlete's foot)
* infestations (scabies, lice)
* alcoholism / drug abuse
* HIV / AIDs
* assault / rape
* mental illness
* dental caries
* hypothermia and heat-related illnesses
* malnutrition
Term
Preventing homelessness / assisting the homeless
Definition
* refer mentally ill to therapy
* improve parenting schools to limit runaways
* assist in finding temp shelter
* assist for long-term shelter
* advocate for services to provide for mentally ill and homeless
* refer for employee assistance and educational programs
Term
Health status of rural residents
Definition
* higher infant and maternal morbidity rates
* higher rates of chronic illness and MVA
* higher health occupational risks
* higher suicide rates
* higher risk of trauma and injuries
* less likely to seek medical care
Term
barriers to health care in rural areas
Definition
* distance from services
* lack of transportation
* unpredictable weather / travel conditions
* inability to pay for care / underinsured / uninsured
* shortage of health care providers / hospitals
Term
health problems of migrant workers
Definition
* dental disease
* TB
* HIV
* depression / other mental health issues
* domestic violence
* lack of prenatal care
* higher infant mortality rates
Term
issues in migrant health
Definition
* poor and unsanitary working and housing conditions
* less access to dental, mental health, and pharmacy services
* inability to afford care
* availability of services
* language / cultural aspects
Term
Primary prevention strategies in rural and migrant health care
Definition
* educate re measures to reduce exposure to pesticides
* teach re accident prevention
* provide prenatal care
* mobilize preventive services (dental, immunizations)
Term
Secondary prevention for rural / migrant health
Definition
Screen for
* pesticide exposure
* skin cancer
* chronic preventable diseases
* communicable diseases
Term
Tertiary prevention for rural / migrant health
Definition
* treat for sx of pesticide exposure
* mobilize primary care and emergency services
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