Term
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Definition
| A D E K; C B1 2 3 4 6 9 12 Biotin |
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Term
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Definition
| B-Carotene à Retinol (trans) à Retinal (11-cis is chromophore active in vision) à Retinoic Acid (accutane active in gene transcription). Deficiency = Night blindness, skin dryness, thickening of conjunctivae, destruction of eye (keratomalacia) |
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Term
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Definition
| Cholesterol + Sunlight = D3, Plant Sterol + Sunlight = D2. D2/3 à Kidney (1-OH) à Liver (2-OH's = ACTIVE). Promotes Ca2+ absorption from food and stimulates release from bone. Deficiency = rickets, osteomalacia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Tocopherols and Tocotrienols found in all cell membranes. Antioxidant role as free radical scavenger. Prevents oxidation of LDL (reduce risk of cardiovascular disease?) No major deficiencies. Mega-doses not good since some ROS's are good and Vitamin E can interfere with Vitamin K metabolism (clotting problems). |
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Term
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Definition
| K1 (phylloquinone) from plants and K2 (menaquinone) from bacteria in gut. Kofactor in the Karboxylation of Glutamyl residues to form Kalcium-binding proteins involved in Koagulation. Carried in chylomicrons and LDL. Deficiency = increased PTT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Same food sources (grains, meats, and foliage (9)). Interdependent pathways. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ascorbic Acid. Antioxidant, reducing agent, cofactor in hydroxylation reactions and cross-linking of collogen. Deficiency = scurvy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thiamine. Forms coenzyme TPP (oxidative decarboxylation in TCA cycle and amino acid metabolism). Deficiency = Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (mental confusion and ataxia). Severe deficiency known as beriberi. Alcoholics at increased risk since they are malnourished and water soluble vitamins don't stay around long. |
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Term
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Definition
| Riboflavin. Forms FAD, FMN. |
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Term
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Definition
| Niacin (Nicotinic Acid). Trp + B6 à Niacin à NAD+ and NADP+. Effects on chol: decreased LDL, increased HDL; flushing. Deficiency = Pellagra (Diarrhea, Dermatitis, and Death). |
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Term
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Definition
| Imidazole moety binds to avidin (in uncooked egg whites). This makes biotin unabsorbable. Biotin is a cofactor for carboxylases used in FA synthesis/metabolism, gluconeogenesis, and BCAA metabolism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pantathoic Acid. Links to phosphate to form CoA. PA divisibile by 15 & 3. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pyridoxine. Forms PLP (Pyridoxal Phosphate) which is involved in AA metabolism (mostly degradation). |
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Term
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Definition
| Folic Acid. Coenzyme for one-carbon transfer (H-CO- groups during DNA biosynthesis; CH3 groups for methylation cycle). B9 makes DHF which is coverted to THF and used for: Serine, Glycine, dTMP, purine rings. Deficiency common during pregnancy. Pernicious (megaloblastic) anemia, neural tube defects. Also hyperhomocysteinemia (see B12). |
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Term
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Definition
| Cobalamin. B12 regenerates THF from the N5-Methyl form. It does this by simultaneously converting homocysteine to methionine (which can be converted to SAM later). Deficiency = Homocysteinuria. Severe = Megaloblastic anemia (large RBC's due to high breakdown. Intrinsic factor is needed to bind B12 in intestine and this is usually cause. |
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Term
| What does the liver store? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the blood store? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the kidney store? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the heart store? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the brain store? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the pancreas store? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamins can be toxic if dosage is too high? |
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Definition
| Little toxicity of water-soluble vitamins (some niacin side effects. A, D are the big ones. E can interfere with K metabolism. |
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