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Definition
A land bridge that connected the continents of Asia and North America during the ice age
p. 6 |
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When humans started to plant seeds deliberately. Farming allowed them to settle into villages rather than moving from place to place.
p. 7 |
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Began their rise around 400 BC. They built large pyramids, and they also developed a writing system and a number system that used the number zero.
p. 7 |
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Formed a large empire in present-day Mexico in the 1400's. They are militaristic. Tenochtitlan, today's Mexico City, was the Aztec capital.
p. 7 |
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Ended in Europe by 1500. This period, which had begun in about 500 and lasted for a thousand years, had been a difficult time for the Europeans. No governments were strong enough to protect the people after the old Roman Empire had collapsed. There was widespread lawlessness. Europeans were often under attack by invaders from distant lands. Two important events of the Middle Ages helped bring dramatic changes in Europe. The Crusades and the creation of nation-states.
p. 10 |
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In 1215 some barons forced the king of England to sign this. This document showed that limits could be placed on royal power. It established several important principles of government, including no taxation without representation and the right to trial by jury.These became basic principles of English Law. After the Revolutionary war, they became part of American law as well.
p. 10 |
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From the French word for "rebirth." Scholars studied the classics of ancient Greece and Rome, and artists created works of lasting beauty. Scientists also made significant advances. Renaissance thinking encouraged people to question long-accepted ideas. That led to challenges to the authority of the Roman Catholic church.
p. 10 |
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In 1517 a German Monk named Martin Luther critisized some church practices. Luther's actions set off a chain of events. Calls for reform spread in a movement known as the reformation. Luther's followers became known as Protestants, for their protests against the church.
p. 11 |
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An effect of Columbus's voyages to the Americas was the exchange of plants and animals amoung Europeans, Native Americans - and later, Africans. Because this began after Columbus, it is known as the Columbian Exchange.
p.12 and map on p. 11 |
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provinces ruled by viceroys, direct repesentatives of the monarch.
p. 15 |
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People who convert others to a religion.
p. 15 |
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In 1518 Sir Walter Raleigh sent a group of people to find a site for an English colony in America. They claimed land along the Atlantic seaboard. First they found Virginia then returned in 1587 and founded the colony of Roanoke. The leader of the colony left and when he returned in 1590, the village was empty.
p. 16 |
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Settled in 1607, the first English colony that survived. John Smith imposed military discipline. John Rolfe discovered tobacco.
p. 16 |
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America's first legislature, or law-making body.
p. 17 |
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People who agreed to work as servants for a cerain number of years, in return for food, shelter, and a paid trip to America.
p. 17 |
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Some English Protestants that thought the Reformation did not go far enough. They wanted to purify the church by making further changes. Wanted simpler church services, objected to wealth and power of bishops.
p. 17 |
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Signed in Massachusetts. A legal contract in which they agreed to make laws to protect the general good. It was one of the first attempts at self-government in the English colonies.
p. 17 |
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governments economic principles that held that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth.
p. 21 |
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A series of laws to restrict colonial trade. Great Britain passed these to ensure that the colonies remained profitable to their home country. This angered American colonists.
p. 21 |
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The situation where many British officials were involved in colonial policy, but did not rule strictly. The colonists benefited by being left alone.
p. 21 |
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a large farm, usually in a warm climate, with an unskilled labor force that grows one cash crop, such as sugar or tobacco.
p. 22 |
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The difficult trip accross the Atlantic. Mostly for slaves.
p. 22 |
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The period where some thinkers in Europe thought that logic and reason - the tools of science - could also be used to improvise society, law, and government.
p. 23 |
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A major religious revival in the colonies, began in the 1730's. One of its outstanding leaders was the Puritan clergy Jonathan Edwards.
p. 24 |
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Term
| The French and Indian War |
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Definition
France joined with some Indian nations to attack England. Spain and its American colonies were also involved.
p. 25 |
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British officials decided to stop colonists form moving west to avoid more conflicts with native americans. The Proclamaition of 1763 was a line drawn along the Appalacian Mountains, reserving land on the western side for native americans.
p. 26 |
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Made in 1765. It required colonists to pay for an official government stamp on certain paper items. This was the first time Parlament taxed the colonists directly, and Americans openly protested the stamp act. Parliament eventually repealed the Stamp Act.
p. 30 Chapter 2 |
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5 colonists died March 5, 1770 when British soldiers fired into an angry crowd that had gathered outside a custums house. Colonial leaders said it was a deliberate British attack on innocent civilians. This raised anger amoung the colonists.
p. 31 Chapter 2 |
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Colonial riders, including Paul Revere, rode to warn Adams, Hancock, and the minutemen. By the time the British reached Lexington, near Concord, 70 minutemen were waiting for them. Eight colonists were killed.
p. 31 Chapter 2 |
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An extremely influential pamphlet written by Thomas Paine. In his pamphlet, Paine condemned the whole system of the monarchy and the rule of George III. He called not for protest but for a declaration of independence.
p. 32 Chapter 2 |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
This formally announced the colonies' break with Great Britain. It expressed three main ideas: Men possess certain rights including life liberty, and the pursuit of hapiness. Next, it says King George passed unfair laws and taxes. Lastly, it declared the colonists had the right to break away.
p. 33 Chapter 2 |
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October 17, 1777. The turning point of the revolutionary war. The colonist's victory encouraged them.
p. 34 Chapter 2 |
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The last major battle of the revolution. Cornwallis was trapped on the penninsula and was bombarded by both land and sea.
p. 37 Chapter 2 |
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Signed on September 3, 1783. In it, Britain recognized the indipendence of the United States.
p. 37 Chapter 2 |
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Term
| The Articles of Confederation |
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Definition
Congress adopted these in November 1777. This was Americas first constitution. The document established a confederation - an association of independence, sovereign states with certain common goals. The articles had many weaknesses.
p. 43 Chapter 2 |
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The balance between the powers of Congress and those of the executive. The power was split amoung three branches.
p. 46 Chapter 2 |
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Congress. Made the laws
p. 47 Chapter 2 |
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Definition
The president and the departments that help run the government. Carries out the laws.
p. 47 Chapter 2 |
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The Supreme Court and lower courts. Interprets the laws as they relate to the Constitution.
p. 47 Chapter 2 |
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Supporters of the constitution, once called nationalists.
p. 48 Chapter 2 |
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People who opposed the constitution.
p. 48 Chapter 2 |
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Federalists and antifederalists fight over ratification, or official approval, of the constitution.
p. 48 Chapter 2 |
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Before ratifying the constitution, most antifederalists wanted a bill of rights. They wanted to see basic rights added to the document to be sure that individual liberties would be protected. Adding a Bill of Rights to the constitution became the main focus of the struggle over ratification.
p. 49 Chapter 2 |
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Saw a moore rural than urban country, with power residing closer to the people, in the state governments. Led by Jefferson and Madison.
p. 51 Chapter 2 |
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Congress organizes the judicial branch. It had a six person Supreme Court with one chief justice and five associates. It also set up district courts and circuite courts of appeal. Washington named John Jay as the first chief justice of the Supreme court.
p. 51 Chapter 2 |
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A person who believed that the government only had the powers specifically granted in the Constitution. Jefferson believed in this.
p. 52 Chapter 2 |
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The Constitution is allowed actions that are not specifically mentioned, as long as they are not specifically prohibited in the Constitution. Alexander Hamilton believed in this.
p. 52 Chapter 2 |
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The first major challenge at home. In 1794 farmers in western Pennsylvania objected to tax on whiskey. Washington sent milita and the farmers backed down, no blood was shed.
p. 53 Chapter 2 |
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The supreme ourt ruled that the Constitution did not give the court power to make madison deliver a commision to a jidge. Marbury v. Madison estblished the Supreme Court's right to declare that a law violates the constitution. This power is known as judicial review.
p. 55 Chapter 2 |
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the second war between British and American forces in North America. It was fought on land and sea, from Canada to Louisiana. Americans won pm January 8, 1815 because of Andrew Jackson.
p. 56 Chapter 2 |
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Declared the Americans off-limits to European colonization.
p. 92 Chapter 3 |
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The belief that the interests of the nation as a whole are more important than regional interests or the interests of other countries.
p. 92 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
Chief Justice john Marshal sided with the national government on the issue of a national bank. The Court's decision made it clear that national interests were to be put above state interests.
p. 93 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
Under this agreement in 1820 Missouri was admited to the union as a slave state and Maine was admitted as a free state. The balance between free states and slave states was preserved.
p. 93 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
The belief that one's own section, or region, of the country is more important than the whole.
p. 93 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
This was passed by congress and signed by Jackson in 1830. It called for the relocation of the five nations to an area west of the Mississippi River called Indian Territory.
p. 95 Chapter 3 |
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A term that symbolizes the suffering of all the nations. It got its name from the number of Cherokee people that suffered and died on their journey west.
p. 95 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
The name for the birth of modern industry and the social changes that accompanied the resulting industrial growth. It occured from the mid-1700s to the mid-1800s.
p. 96 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
Across the country, especially in the north, Americans attended revival meetings and joined churches in record numbers during the 1820's and 1830's. This religious movement was called the Second Great Awakening.
p. 100 Chapter 3 |
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The belief that knowledge is not found only by observaation of the world but also through reason, intuition, and personal spirit experiences.
p. 100 Chapter 3 |
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Term
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Definition
A well-funded and organized fraternal organization that promoted anti-immigrant sentiment. They were called Know-Nothings because their members, when asked about their group's activities answered by saying, "I know nothing." 1 million members by 1850's.
p. 100 Chapter 3 |
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first or early
p. 101 Chapter 3 |
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| (1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written p. 102 Chapter 3 |
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a network of people who helped thousands of enslaved people escape to the North by providing transportation and hiding places.
p. 104 Chapter 3 |
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a belief shared by many Americans in the mid-1800s that the United States should expand across the continent to the Pacific Ocean.
p. 107 Chapter 3 |
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Definition
(1849) the mass migration of miners and business people to California after gold was discovered there.
p. 107 Chapter 3 |
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a treaty between Great Britain and the United States which set the boundary between the United States and British Canada at the forty-ninth parallel.
p. 108 Chapter 3 |
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Spanish mission in San Antonio, Texas; the site of a famous battle of the Texas Revolution in 1836.
p. 110 Chapter 3 |
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(1846–1848) War fought between the United States and Mexico in which the United States gained more than 500,000 square miles of land in the United States, including New Mexico and California.
p. 111 Chapter 3 |
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(1846) a revolt against Mexico by American settlers in California who declared the territory an independent republic.
p. 112 Chapter 3 |
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| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo |
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Definition
(1848) a treaty that ended the Mexican-American War and gave the United States much of Mexico's northern territory.
p. 112 Chapter 3 |
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