Term
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Definition
| Grammar is the art of speaking and writing well. |
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Term
| 2. Where does Grammar get its name? |
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Definition
| Grammar gets its name from the Greek word gramma, which signifies a letter. |
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Term
| 3. How many letters are used in Latin? |
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Definition
| In Latin we use twenty-three A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, X, Y, Z. |
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Term
4. How are the letters divided?
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Definition
The letters are divided into vowels and consonants.
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Term
| 5. How many vowels are there in Latin? |
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Definition
| There are five vowels A, E, I, O, U. Y is a Greek vowel and is found only in words coming from Greek. |
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Term
| 6. Why are these called vowels? |
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Definition
| These are called vowels because they make a perfect voice when pronounced alone. |
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Term
| 7. How many consonants are there? |
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Definition
| There are sixteen consonants. H is only a note of aspiration. |
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Term
| 8. Why are they called consonants? |
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Definition
| There called consonants because when joined with vowels they make a sound with them. |
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Term
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Definition
| A diphthong is a conjunction of two vowels in the same syllable. |
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Term
| 10. How is a diphthong to be pronounced? |
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Definition
| A diphthong is to be pronounced with a double sound, so that each vowel of which it is compounded may be heard. |
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Term
| 11. How many diphthongs are there? |
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Definition
| Six: AE, AU, EI, EU, OE, UI. |
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Term
| 12. Of what is a syllable made? |
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Definition
| A syllable is made of one or more letters. |
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Term
| 13. Of what is a word made? |
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Definition
| A word is made of one or more syllables. |
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Term
| 14. Of what is speech made? |
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Definition
| Speech is made of one or more words. |
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Term
15. How many parts of speech are there?
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Definition
There are six parts of speech.
Noun, Pronouns, Verb, Participle, Adverb, Preposition, and Conjunction, and Interjection.
The first four are declined and the last four are undeclined.
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Term
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Definition
| A noun is a word or part of speech which has cases and signifies a thing without time. |
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Term
17. How many sorts of nouns are there?
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Definition
2 Substantive and Adjective.
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Term
18. What is a substantive noun?
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Definition
A substantive noun is a noun which cannot agree with another, but stands by itself in speech.
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Term
19. What is an adjective noun?
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Definition
An adjective noun is a noun which must agree with a substantive noun to have meaning, or a noun which can not stand by itself in meaning.
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Term
20. How many kinds of substantive nouns are there?
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Definition
Two.
First a Proper Substantive Noun which signifies a certain or determinate thing.
Second a Common Substantive Noun which signifies more than one thing.
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Term
21. How many things happen to a Noun Substantive:
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Definition
Six things happen to Noun Substantive:
Gender, Number, Case, Declension, Figure, and Kind.
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Term
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Definition
Gender is a certain distinction of sex.
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Term
23. How many Genders are there?
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Definition
There are five genders:
1.Masculine, before which is commonly put the pronoun hic.
2.Feminine, before which is put as heac.
3.Neuter, before which is commonly put the pronoun hoc.
4.Common-of-Two, before which is put both hic and heac.
5.Common-of-Three, before which is put hic, heac, et hoc, this noun belongs only to Noun adjectives.
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Term
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Definition
Number is a note of quantity or multitude.
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Term
25. How many numbers are there?
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Definition
Two: Singular, which signifies one thing, and Plural, which signifies many things.
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Term
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Definition
| Case is the changing of terminations in declining. |
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Term
27. How many cases are there?
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Definition
There are six cases:
1. Nominative
2. Genitive
3. Dative
4. Accusative
5. Vocative
6. Ablative
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Term
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Definition
| The case by which we name a thing. This answers to the questions Who or What. This case is used to mark a subject. |
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Term
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Definition
| The case which signifies whose anything, is or to whom it pertains. This answers the questions whose or whereof. |
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Term
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Definition
| The case by which we attribute some thing to any one. This answers the questions to whom or to what. This case is used to mark an indirect object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The case which follows an Active verb, and on which the action of the verb passes. This answers to the questions whom or what. This case is used to mark a direct object. |
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Term
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Definition
| The case by which we call on persons or things. |
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Term
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Definition
The case by which we signify something to be taken from another, and it most commonly follows a preposition, which governs it. |
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Term
28. What are the two parts of a sentence?
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Definition
The two parts of a sentence are the subject and the predicate.
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Term
29. What is the subject of a sentence?
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Definition
The subject of a sentence is that about which the sentence speaks.
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Term
30. What is the predicate of a sentence?
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Definition
The predicate of a sentence is that which is said about the subject.
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Term
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Definition
An object is a thing onto which an action passes.
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Term
32. What is a direct object?
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Definition
A direct object is an object onto which an action directly passes.
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Term
33. What is an indirect object?
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Definition
An indirect object is an object onto which an action indirectly passes.
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Term
34. What is a Declension?
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Definition
A Declension is a variation, or changing of words by cases. |
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Term
35. By what sign is the Declension of a Noun known?
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Definition
A Declension of a Noun is known by its Genitive Singular ending.
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Term
36. How many declensions are there?
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Definition
| There are five declensions: |
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Term
36.1 The First Declension
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Definition
| The declension whose Genitive Singular ends in -ae, ashaec Musa, Musae (a muse); or in -es when the Nominative ends in -e, as haec Epitome, Epitomes(a summary). |
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Term
36.2 The Second Declension
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Definition
| The declension whose Genitive Singular ends in -i, as hic Dominus, Domini (a lord). |
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Term
36.3 The Third Declension
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Definition
| The declension whose Genitive Singular ends in -is, as Sermo, Sermonis(a speech), and often in -os, if the Noun was originally a Greek word, as haec Poesis, Poesos (a poem). |
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Term
36.4. The Fourth Declension
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Definition
| The declension whose Genitive Singular ends in -us, as hic Sensus, Sensus(a sense), except neuter nouns of this declension, which end in -u and are undeclined in the singular number, as hoc cornu, cornu (a horn). |
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Term
36.5. The Fifth Declension
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Definition
The declension whose Genitive Singular ends in -ei, as haec Dies, Diei (a day)
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Term
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Definition
Figure is the difference between and Simple and a Compound word.
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Term
38. How many Figures are there?
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Definition
Two:
Simple, which is compounded of none, as sapiens (wise).
Compound, which is compounded of another, as insapiens (not wise), compounded on in(not) and sapiens (wise).
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Term
39. What do you mean by Kind?
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Definition
The distinction of Primitive and Derivative words.
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Term
40. How many Kinds are there?
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Definition
Two:
Primitive, which is the first and is taken from no others, as Christ, gold
Derivative, which is taken from another, as Christian, golden. |
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Term
41. How many different terminations are found in the Nominative case of the First Declension?
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Definition
Four: -a as Musa; -as as Aeneas; -es as Anchises; and -e as Penelope.
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Term
42. How are first declension nouns with Nominative in -a declined?
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Definition
As haec Musa: with Nominative -a, Genitive and Dative in -ae; Accusative in -am; Vocative in -a; Ablative in -a. In the plural, Nominative in -ae; Genitive in -arum; Dative in -is; Accusative in -as; Vocative like the Nominative; Ablative in -is.
In short: -a, -ae, -ae | -am, -a, -a | -ae, -arum, -is | -as, -ae, -is.
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Term
43. Decline the first declension noun haec Musa. (State the case name, the Latin form and the English.)
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Definition
singular: Nominativo, haec Musa, a Muse; Genitivo Musae, of a Muse; Dativo, Musae, to a Muse, Accusativo, Musam, a Muse; Vocativo, O Musa, O Muse; Ablativo, a Musa, from a Muse.
plural: Nominativo, Musae, Muses; Genitivo Musarum, of Muses; Dativo, Musis, to Muses, Accusativo, Musas, Muses; Vocativo, O Musae, O Muses; Ablativo, a Musis, from Muses.
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Term
44. What is meant by the words "of", "to", "O" and "from" used when declining?
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Definition
These words of, to, O and from are signs of the Cases with which they are joined, and are put to all Nouns. "Of" signifies the Genitive case. "To" signifies the Dative case. "O" signifies the Vocative case. "From" signifies the Ablative case.
The Nominative and Accusative cases are not known by signs, but by their position in a sentence. |
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Term
45. How are first declension nouns with Nominative in -as declined?
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Definition
As hic Aeneas: with Nominative -as, Genitive and Dative in -ae; Accusative in -am or -an; Vocative in -a; Ablative in -a. In the plural, as normal.
In short: -as, -ae, -ae | -am/an, -a, -a | -ae, -arum, -is | -as, -ae, -is.
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Term
46. Decline the first declension noun hic Aeneas. (State the case name, the Latin form and the English.)
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Definition
In the singular number: Nominativo, hic Aeneas, Aeneas; Genitivo, Aeneae, of Aeneas; Dativo, Aeneae, to Aeneas, Accusativo, Aeneam or Aenean, Aeneas; Vocativo, O Aenea, O Aeneas; Ablativo, ab Aenea, from Aeneas. In the plural, as normal.
In short: Aeneas, Aeneae, Aeneae | Aeneam or Aenean, Aenea, Aenea | Aeneae,Aenearum, Aeneis
/ Aeneas, Aeneae, Aeneis.
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Term
47. How are first declension nouns with Nominative in -es declined?
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Definition
As hic Anchises: with Nominative -es, Genitive and Dative in -ae; Accusative in -en; Vocative in -e; Ablative in -e. In the plural, as normal.
In short: -es, -ae, -ae | -en, -e, -e | -ae, -arum, -is | -as, -ae, -is.
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Term
48. Decline the first declension noun hic Anchises. (State the case name, the Latin form and the English.)
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Definition
In the singular number: Nominativo, hic Anchises, Anchises; Genitivo, Anchisae, of Anchises; Dativo, Anchisae, to Anchises, Accusativo, Anchisen, Anchises; Vocativo, O Anchise, O Anchises; Ablativo, ab Anchise, from Anchises. In the plural, as normal.
ie. Anchises, Anchisae, Anchisae | Anchisen, Anchise, Anchise
| Anchisae,Anchisarum, Anchisis | Anchisas, Anchisae, Anchisis.
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Term
49. How are first declension nouns with Nominative in -e declined?
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Definition
As haec Penelope: with Nominative in -e, Genitive in -es; Dative in -e; Accusative in -en; Vocative in -e; the Ablative in -e. The Plural number ends normally.
In short: -e, -es, -e | -en, -e, -e | -ae, -arum, -is | -as, -ae, -is.
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Term
50. Decline the first declension noun haec Penelope. (State the case name, the Latin form and the English.)
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Definition
In the singular number: Nominativo, haec Penelope, Penelope; Genitivo, Penelopes, of Penelope; Dativo, Penelope, to Penelope; Accusativo, Penelopen, Penelope; Vocativo, O Penelope, O Penelope; Ablativo, a Penelope, from Penelope; In the plural, as normal.
ie: Penelope, Penelopes, Penelope | Penelopen, Penelope, Penelope/
Penelopae,Peneloparum, Penelopis | Penelopas, Penelopae, Penelopis.
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Term
51. Are their places where these rules do not apply?
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Definition
Yes. In some words, such as Dea (goddess), Filia (daughter), Ambae (both) and Duae (two), the Dative and Ablative cases end in -abus, rather than -is. This is mainly to distinguish them from their masculine forms like Deus and Filius.
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Term
52. Summary of the First Declension:
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Definition
Singular .. Nom Gen Dat Acc Voc Abl
haec Musa -a -ae -ae -am -a -a
hic Aeneas -as -ae -ae -am/-an -a -a
hic Anchises -es -ae -ae -en -e -e
haec Penelope -e -es -e -en -e -e
PLURAL
All - ae -arum -is -as -ae -is |
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