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C 14 Etiology
Test 3
66
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
03/19/2012

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Term
Koch's Postulates
Definition
1. The same pathogen is present in every case of the disease.
2. The pathogen must be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture.
3. The pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it is inoculated into
a healthy, susceptible lab animal.
4. The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be shown to be
the original organism.
Term
Symptoms
Definition
subjective changes a patient experiences, e.g. malaise and pain
Term
Signs
Definition
objective changes a physician can observe and measure e.g. fever
Term
Syndrome
Definition
a specific group of symptoms or signs that always accompany a particular disease
Term
Communicable disease
Definition
any disease that spreads from one host to another, either directly or indirectly. e.g. chickenpox, measles, genital herpes, typhoid fever, tuberculosis
Term
Contagious Disease
Definition
disease that is easily spread from one person to another e.g. chicken pox
Term
non communicable disease
Definition
any disease that is not spread from one host to another, e.g. tetanus
Term
Incidence
Definition
the number of people in a population who develop a disease during a particular time period; indicates how easily the disease is spread
Term
Prevalence
Definition
the number of people in a population who develop a disease at a specified time, regardless of when it first appeared; includes old and new cases
Term
Sporadic Disease
Definition
– disease that occurs occasionally, e.g. typhoid fever in the USA
Term
Endemic Disease
Definition
disease that is constantly present in a population e.g. common cold in the USA
Term
Epidemic Disease
Definition
if a number of people in a given area acquire a certain disease in a relatively short time period, e.g. influenza in January in the USA
Term
Pandemic Disease
Definition
an epidemic disease that occurs worldwide, e.g. influenza in 1918, AIDS now
Term
Acute Disease
Definition
disease that develops rapidly and lasts a short time, e.g. influenza
Term
Chronic Disease
Definition
disease that develops more slowly, but whose effects may be continual or recurrent, e.g. mononucleosis, tuberculosis, hepatitis B
Term
Subacute Disease
Definition
disease that is intermediate between acute and chronic, e.g. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
Term
Latent Disease
Definition
disease in which the causative agent remains inactive for a time, but then is reactivated to produce symptoms of a disease, e.g. shingles
Term
Herd Immunity
Definition
the presence of immunity in most of a population
The rate at which a disease spreads and the number of people affected are determined in part by the herd immunity. Vaccination can provide immunity to specific diseases. People who are immune to an infectious disease will not be carriers. They act as barriers to the spread of the disease
Term
Local Infection
Definition
– the invading microbes are limited to a small area of the body, eg. abscess
Term
Systemic Infection
Definition
– microbes and their products are spread throughout the body by the blood or lymph. e.g. measles
Term
Focal Infection
Definition
agents of a local infection enter the blood or lymphatic system and spread to other areas of the body. e.g. gingivitis and tooth abscesses may result in infections of the heart valves or kidney.
Term
Primary Infection
Definition
an acute infection that causes the initial illness
Term
Secondary Infection
Definition
is a disease caused by an opportunistic pathogen after the primary infection has weakened the body’s defenses, e.g. Pneumocystis pneumonia in AIDS patients
Term
Subclinical infection
Definition
an infection that does not cause any noticeable illness.
e.g. polio, hepatitis A in certain individuals
Term
Predisposing Factor
Definition
factor or factors that make the body more susceptible to disease, e.g. gender, climate, age, fatigue, diabetes, malnutrition
Term
Incubation Period
Definition
time between the intial infection and the onset of clinical signs/symptom
Term
Prodromal period
Definition
early mild symptoms such as aches and malaise
Term
Period of Illness
Definition
- clinical signs and symptoms are evident, an immune response is
mounted, the patient will either overcome the pathogen or the patient dies
Term
Period of Decline
Definition
signs and symptoms of the disease subside; patient is vulnerable to
secondary infections.
Term
Period of Convalescence
Definition
– person regains strength and returns to prediseased state. Recovery has occurred
Term
Reservoir
Definition
continual source of the disease organism; it may be human, animal or non living
Term
Carrier
Definition
people who harbor pathogens and transmit them to others without exhibiting any signs of the disease
Term
Zoonosis
Definition
any disease that is transmissible from animals to man
Term
Animal Resevoirs
Definition
exist for many zoonoses, e.g. skunks and bats harbor the Rabies virus
see Table 14.2 on pg. 432
Term
Nonliving Resevoirs
Definition
– two major nonliving reservoirs are soil and water
e.g. soil harbors fungi that cause ringworm; Clostridium botulinum the bacterium that causes botulism and Clostridium tetani, the bacterium that causes tetanus.
Contaminated water is a reservoir for Vibrio cholerae which causes cholera and Salmonella typhi which causes typhoid fever.
Term
Three Routes of Transmission
Definition
1. Contact. 2. Vehicle. 3. Vectors
Term
Contact 3 types
Definition
Direct, Indirect, Droplet
Term
Vehicle types
Definition
Waterborne, Food borne Airborn
Term
Vectors
Definition
Mechanical, Biological
Term
Direct Transmission
Definition
Person to person
Term
Indirect Transmission
Definition
involves a nonliving object such as towels,
bedding, cups, silverware, toys
Term
Droplet Transmission
Definition
microbes spread in droplet nuclei (coughing, laughing, sneezing, talking) that travel less than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host. Fig. 14.6 pg. 433
Term
Waterborne
Definition
cholera, Shigellosis
Term
Foodborne
Definition
tapeworms, food poisoning, e.g. that caused by Bacillus cereu
Term
Airborne
Definition
spread of agents of infection by droplet nuclei in dust that travel more than 1 meter from the reservoir to the host
e.g. fungal spores in the transmisison of histoplasmosis
Term
Mechanical
Definition
passive transport of the pathogen on a vector’s body part , e.g. a fly comes into contact with feces containing Shigella organisms, then lands on food at a picnic. People ingest the food and become ill with bacillary dysentery
Term
Biological
Definition
active process that involves replication of the pathogen inside the vector prior to transfer to another host, e.g. rat flea and plague, mosquitoes and heartworms, mosquitoes and malaria
Term
Fomite
Definition
any nonliving object involved in the spread of an infection
Term
Vectors
Definition
animals that carry pathogens from one host to another Table 14.3
Term
What is the 8th leading Cause of Death
Definition
NOsocomial Infections
Term
1940s and 1950s
Definition
most nosocomial infections were caused by G+ microbes including Staphylococcus aureus
Term
1970s
Definition
gram-negative bacilli, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Term
1980's
Definition
antibiotic resistant gram-positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp
Term
1990s
Definition
34% of the nosocomial infections are due to Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus spp.
32% of the nosocomial infections are due to Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Term
What are most nosocomial infections?
Definition
Urinary Tract Infections
Term
20% of Noscomial infecitons
Definition
Surgical Site infections
Term
Compromised Host
Definition
one whose resistance to infection is impaired by disease, therapy, or burns
Term
Emerging Infectious Diseases
Definition
diseases that are new or changing, showing an increase in incidence in the recent past, or a potential to increase in the near future. Table 14.6 pg. 439-440
Term
Epidimology
Definition
the science that studies when and where diseases occur and how they are transmitted in populations
Term
There are 3 types of investigations that can be used to analyze the occurrence of a disease
Definition
descriptive, analytical and experimental.
Term
Case Reporting
Definition
procedure that requires health care workers to report specified diseases to local, state and national health officials. Table 14-7 pg. 430
e.g. AIDS, measles, polio, gonorrhea, tetanus, typhoid fever, tuberculosis
Term
CDC
Definition
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta, GA.
This is a branch of the US Public Health Service
The source of epidemiological information in the USA
Term
Morbidity
Definition
the number of people who have a specific disease
Term
Mortality
Definition
the number of deaths due to a specific disease
Term
MOrbidity rate
Definition
the number of people with the disease
total population exposed to the disease
Term
Mortality Rate
Definition
he number of people who died from a disease
the number of people who were ill from the disease
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