1. The evolution of joints b/w the skull and jaw of squamates (lizards and snakes), as well as new joints allowing the jaws to move separate and manipulate food has resulted in a _______ jaw.

A. anaspid

B. mandibular

C. laterally independent

D. diaspid

E. kinetic

E. kinetic

2. Unique characteristics of echinoderms include all of the following EXCEPT

A. an endoskeleton of plates or ossicles

B. marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species

C. dermal brachiae(papulae)

D. pedicellariae

E. a water vascular system

B. marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species

3. Most female mammals only copulate during a breief period in the estrous cycle. This perood of femlae receptivity is called ________.

A. estrus

B. lipidity

C. menstration

D. viviparity

E. None correct

A. estrus

4. A notochord is most correctly defined as

A. a primitive spine

B. the tissue that becomes the dorsal nerve

C. a flexible stiffening rod extending the length of the body

D. embryonic tissue that develops into bone and cartilage

E. any tissue that functions in the role of a dorsal tubular nerve chord.

C. a flexible stiffening rod extending the length of the body

5. Which of the following are concidered "irregular" urchins?

A. Sea urchins that swim

B. Sand dollard and heart urchins

C. Sea cucumbers

D. Crinoids

E. Brittle stars

B. Sand dollard and heart urchins

6. The larva of the freshwater lamprey, that closely resembles the amphioxus lancelet, is the

A. ammocoete

B. Branchiostoma

C. cephalaspidomorph

D. heterostracan

E. ostracoderm

A. ammocoete

7. When threatened, a brittle star can _________, cast off an arm, and later regenerate the lost appendage.

A. articulate

B. homogenize

C. autotomize

D. osmoregulate

C. autotomize

8. The large spiracles on the top of the head of skates and rays is for

A. air intake for respiration

B. water intake to prevent clogging the gills

C. detection of bioelectric fields from prey buried in the sea bottom

D. detection of chemical odors in the water

B. water intake to prevent clogging the gills

9. The digestive system contributes to the success of birds as flying animals b/c

A. it is long

B. the crop can store huge quantities of food

C. it digests food quickly

D. it is penetrated by air sacs

E. it has a high sense of tast to reject toxic foods

C. it digests food quickly

10. An advancement that reptiles show over amphibians is

A. a tough, scaly skin that provides protection against desiccation

B. some form of copulatory organ permitting internal fertilization

C. more muscular jaws

D. a shelled egg that can be laid on dry land

E. All of the choices are reptilian advancements

E. All of the choices are reptilian advancements

11. Unlike other vertebrates, the body fluids of hagfishes are

A. strongly hypoosmotic to seawater

B. strongly hyperosmotic to seawater

C. in osmotic equilibrium w/ seawater

D. very concentrated, w/ over 80% blood solids

E. under high internal press near the surface

C. in osmotic equilibrium w/ seawater

12. Frogs breathe using

A. negative pressure similar to reptiles and mammals

B. various absorbtive surfaces but w/ no pneumatic system to ventilate those surfaces

C. positive pressure breathing where air is forced into balloon-like lungs

D. a bird-like circular air circulation

E. by gill modifications

C. positive pressure breathing where air is forced into balloon-like lungs

13. The subphylum __________ includes species that retain all 5 chordate characteristics as adults

A. Urochordata

B. Vertebrata

C. Cephalochordata

D. Amniota

C. Cephalochordata

14. When a salamander retains juvenile features while it matures into an adult, the process is

A. precociousness

B. spontaneous regeneration

C. senescence

D. prematurity

E. paedomorphosis

E. paedomorphosis

15. All chordates have

A. a single, dorsal, tubular nerve chord

B. a thyroid gland or endostyle

C. pharyngeal slits

D. a postanal tail at some stage

E. All of the choices are correct

E. All of the choices are correct

16. How common are venomous lizards?

A. Many venomous tropical species exist

B. No lizards are venomous

C. All lizards are at least a little poisonous but only the big ones have enough venom to be worrisome

D. They are uncommon; the Gila Monster and Mexican Beaded lizards are the only lizards known to be venomous to humans

E. None of the choices are correct

D. They are uncommon; the Gila Monster and Mexican Beaded lizards are the only lizards known to be venomous to humans

17. In sea stars, tube feet run along the _______ groove that extends along the oral side from the mouth to the tip of each arm.

A. ambulacral

B. hemal

C. radial

D. dermal

E. lateral

A. ambulacral

18. In schooling, fish rely on sensitivity to vibration and water currents. This is provided by cells called neuromasts located inside the

A. caudal fin

B. gills

C. swim bladder

D. lateral-line

E. placoid scales

D. lateral-line

19. Marine lampreys are __________, that is, they leave the sea where they spend their lives to swim up streams to spawn.

A. hermaphroditic

B. anadromous

C. endothermic

D. viviparous

B. anadromous

20. The double circulation of tetrapods consists of a ___________ circulation serving the body and a pulmonary circulation serving the lings.

A. respiratory

B. thoracic

C. cardiac

D. abdominal

E. systemic

E. systemic

21. What feature(s) separates a shark from a blue-gill (a teleost fish)?

A. gill slits versus operculum

B. Cartilage versus bones

C. Internal versus external fertilization

D. No swim bladder versus swim bladder

A. All the choices are correct distinctions.

A. All the choices are correct distinctions.

22. Which is NOT a correct association of mammalian glands and functions?

A. Scent glands-mark territory, defense, ect.

B. Eccrine glands-cool by evaporation

C. Apocrine glands-secrete a milky film in cue w/ the reproductive cycle

D. Sebaceous glands-form an oil that keeps the skin pliable

E. Mammary glands-sexual attraction

E. Mammary glands-sexual attraction

23. We dont find the eggs of garter snakes, rattlesnakes and copperheads b/c they retain the eggs internally and young appear to be born alive but actually "hatch" inside, a condition called

A. nulliparous

B. viviparous

C. oviparous

D. ovoviparous

E. placentotrophy

D. ovoviparous

24. An increased amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) leads to

A. an increased amount of time

B. a decreased amount of urine

C. no change in the amount of urine

D. kidney failure

E. None of the choices are correct

B. a decreased amount of urine

25. In North America, control measures to reduce lampry pops included:

A. destruction of breeding habitats

B. introduction of predatory fish eat lampry larvae

C. the use of chemical larvacides and the release of sterile males

D. the release of toxins to kill all adult lamprey

C. the use of chemical larvacides and the release of sterile males

26. The excretory organ of the flatworm is the

A. protonephridium

B. mesonephridium

C. metanephridium

D. nephridium

E. eunephridium

A. protonephridium

27. The mechanism whereby buoyancy is achieved in different kinds of fishes is

A. throught he presence of a large, oily liver when a swim bladder is not present

B. through the presence of a swim bladder that is kept filled as the fish periodically swims to the surface and gulps air

C. through the presence of a swim bladder that is regulated internally by structures that add or remove air from the bladder by capillary beds

D. All of the choices are methods for achieving buoyancy

E. None of the choices are correct

D. All of the choices are methods for achieving buoyancy

28. A duckbilled platypus is an exception to many mammals b/c it

A. doesnt give live birth but lays eggs

B. is "cold-blooded" or not homeothermic/endothermic

C. lacks hair

D. doesnt secrete milk

E. All the choices are correct

A. doesnt give live birth but lays eggs

The lungfishes

A. are all extinct

B. do not really have functional lungs

C. live only in Australia, Africa, and South America

D. are an aberrant branch of the cartilaginous fishes

E. are survivors of primitive ray-finned fishes

30. The largest (in terms of species numbers) and most diverse fish group is the

A. ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii)

B. agnathans (jawless fishes)

C. eartilaginous fishes (class Chondrichthyes)

D. lobe-finned fishes (class Sarcopterygii)

A. ray-finned fishes (class Actinopterygii)

31. In mammals, oxygentated blood enters the heart at the

A. left atrium

B. left ventricle

C. right atrium

D. right ventricle

E. None of the choices are correct

A. left atrium

32. Sea squirts are

A. asexual, w/ new individuals budding off the adults

B. hermaphroditic w/ internal fertilization

C. dioecious w/ internal fertilization

D. hermaphroditic w/ external fertilization

D. hermaphroditic w/ external fertilization

33. Newly hatched birds that lack down and are nest-bound, unable to feed on their own, as w/ baby wrens or robins, are

A. altricial

B. derived

C. carinate

D. precocial

E. ratites

A. altricial

34. ___________ carry blood away from the heart.

A. Capillaries

B. Venules

C. Veins

D. Arteries

E. Lymph vessels

D. Arteries

35. Which type of feathers are long and extend beyond the body for lift?

A. Filoplume feathers

B. Powder-down feathers

C. Down feather

D. Flight (contour) feathers

D. Flight (contour) feathers

36. Mammals have a variety of teeth specialized for different functions, a pattern called

A. heterodont

B. diphyodont

C. homodont

D. multi-cuspid

E. ambidontous

A. heterodont

37. Sharks are unique in

A. having internal fertilization

B. having isosmotic blood (compared to that of marine water) due to high concentrations of urea and  trimethylamine oxide

C. having teeth of modified placoid fields

D. being able to detect bioelectric fields

E. All of the choices are unique shark traits

E. All of the choices are unique shark traits

38. Axolotls can be made to transform in the laboratory when injected w/ ________.

A. insulin

B. thyroid hormone

C. glucose

D. penicillin

B. thyroid hormone

39. The exchange of nutrients, oxygen, and wastes (including carbon dioxide) takes place across the walls of the

A. lymph vessels

B. arteries

C. capillaries

D. veins

E. lymphatic vessels

C. capillaries

40. Larval stages of asteroids are called __________ and ____________.

A. bipannaria; brachiolaria

B. trochophore; nauplius

C. bilateria; radiata

D. kentrogon; photophore

A. bipannaria; brachiolaria

41. The evolutionary contribution of amphibians to life on land was the development of

A. the amniotic egg and shell

B. lungs and limbs

C. a water tight skin

D. a life cycle independent of a need for water to breed

E. All of the choices are amphibian "innovations."

B. lungs and limbs

42. A turtle's body is enclosed in a shell consisting of a dorsal ______ and a ventral ____.

A. costal; intercostal

B. carpace; plastron

C. dorsum; ventram

D. mouth; anus

B. carpace; plastron

43. In order to fly, birds must have the following adaptation(s):

A. a lightweight skeleton

B. a highly efficient respiratory system

C. a high-pressure circulatory system

D. well-developed nervous and sensory systems

E. All of the choices are necessary

E. All of the choices are necessary

44. The specialized hairs on the nose that are tactile in function (used to "measure" width of passageways, ect.) are

A. guard hairs

B. underfur

C. vibrissae

D. quills

E. filamentous hairs

C. vibrissae

45. Which of the following statements is false?

A. All mollusks have an open circulatory system

B. All arthropods have an open circulatory system

C. Tetrapods have a heart that functions as a double pump

D. Crocodilians have a 4 chambered heart

A. All mollusks have an open circulatory system

46. Which nutrient, when metabolized for energy, produces nitrogenous wastes?

A. amino acids

B. carbohydrates

C. lipids

D. vitamins

E. minerals

A. amino acids

47. In humans, the tube that transports urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder is the

A. urethra

B. ureter

C. proximal convoluted tubule

D. loop of Henle

E. renal pelvis

B. ureter

48. The urochordates are

A. called tunicates

B. marine animals

C. often abundant intertidal organisms

D. tadpole-like as larvae, but sessile as adults

E. All the choices are correct

E. All the choices are correct

49. The largest order of birds, w/ over 60% of species, is the order ________.

A. Piciforms

B. Procellariiformes

C. Passeriformes

D. Strigiformes

E. Psittaciformes

C. Passeriformes

50. Caecilians

A. live in the tropics around the world

B. are blind or nearly blind as adults

C. are elongate, burrowing animals

D. use copulation for internal fertilization

E. All of the choices are correct

E. All of the choices are correct