Term
|
Definition
Nicaea I (325)
Constantinople I (381)
Ephesus (431)
Chalcedon (451)
Constantinople II (553) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Roman Empire in the East |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Attempted to rebuild the Empire in the East. Succeeded
Great Builder - walls, churches (CHURCH OF BYZANTIUM), desert Monasteries (Palestine/Egypt,) Aquaducts
Built Byzantine Symphony
Emptied treasuries on vast spending
Built an enormous, pointless fortress-monastery at Sinai
Big, elaborate churches as demonstration of power
Overtaxed/confiscated to pay for it |
|
|
Term
| Evolution of Christianity in the Roman Empire |
|
Definition
Conversion of Constantine =/= Christianisation of Empire
325 Nicaea I - Divinity of the Son
361-363 Reign of Julian the Apostate: tried to reject Christianity. Re-birthed Xtianity had church structure
380 Theodosius I outlaws old religion, Sunday ordained as Holy for Christ, and not the Sun.
381 Council of Constantinople - divinity of the Holy Spirit (trinitarian Theology established)
Dominant religion by 565 |
|
|
Term
| The 'Fall' of the Roman Empire |
|
Definition
Not a fall: a retreat.
Got Poorer
Shift of administration to the East
Concept of Pagan Empire falling was Pope's idea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
United divided Empire
Unity of church and state- Bishops in Parliament, legislating
Completion of process begun by Constantine
State - civil affairs and wellbeing of Priests
Eusebian constitution
Councils - an attempt to ensure the "true dogmas of God". Perhaps maybe changed/diluted them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Biggest single interior space at time. No columns/walls supporting huge dome.
'Church of the Wisdom of God' (Christ)- Post Arian controversy
"Solomon, I have outdone you!" |
|
|
Term
| the Eusebian Constitution |
|
Definition
| Church - Spiritual affairs and Praying for Kings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
representative - Bishops from every diocese
Results received by everybody |
|
|
Term
| Councils for Divinity of Son and Spirit |
|
Definition
Nicaea I (325)
Constantinople I (381) |
|
|
Term
| Councils for Mary as Mother of God, Humanity and Divinity of Christ |
|
Definition
Ephesus (431)
Chalcedon (451)
Constantinople II (553)
Constantinople III (680-681) |
|
|
Term
| Theological issues with Mary as mother of God |
|
Definition
| Can the eternal be born and die? Yes, IN THE FLESH |
|
|
Term
| Theological issues with Christ as both Human and Divine |
|
Definition
Two perfect things cannot be one
Was Christ afraid in Gethsemane? Two wills |
|
|
Term
| Controversy around Constantinople I (381) |
|
Definition
35 bishops left in disagreement
Spirit = divine vs john: "will only speak what it is commissioned to) |
|
|
Term
| Councils for how to depict/imagine the divine |
|
Definition
Nicaea II (787)
AS CHRIST, IN THE INCARNATION |
|
|
Term
| The nature of the councils |
|
Definition
Highly philosophical, technical (e.g. defining person as a suit we put on before God, the one who overcomes their emotions/predeterminations)
In Greek (philosophical language/tradition)
Harnak - the Hellenisation of the Gospel- turning it into philosophy, rather than revelation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The core Christian doctrine of belief - "Regula Fidei" the pattern of truth in the bible
est. 325.
Developed 389 THIS IS ALL WE HAVE TODAY
Use of non-scriptural terms - "homoousis", "consubstantive". Very contentious, although received as authoritative later. |
|
|
Term
| Typology in biblical analysis |
|
Definition
Historical and spiritual meanings
Types - Christ as the new Adam (Romans 5). Knowing about Adam helps you to explain Christ.
- the Crossing of the Red Sea = a type of baptism (1 Cor 10:2,11). Philo and Origen read this way. Egypt as land of sin.
- Abraham's two wives representing the two covenants - bondage (law) vs. freedom (grace) Gal 4:21-25
Allegory
USED BY CREED AND ECUMENICAL COUNCILS TO DISCERN CHRISTIAN 'TRUTH' - not a betrayal of early Christianity? A greater understanding? |
|
|
Term
| Theological interpretation of monasticism/asceticism |
|
Definition
Synergy with God in order to experience/be granted deification
Like Christ - some level of equality in depiction |
|
|
Term
| Well Known Ascetics and Their Exploits |
|
Definition
St. Simeon the Stylite (390-459)
- lived on a self erected pillar in the desert
- Commanded Eudocia, widow of Theodisius III to return to the faith
- Received a message of devotion from St. Genenevieve of Paris
St. Daniel the Stylite (409-493) - Lived on a self-erected pillar outside constantinople
- Both asked for guidance by high ranking officials/clergy/emperors.
- Highest level of authority in both secular and religious spheres.
- A religious nuclear shield |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symphony wracked by conflict
C8
First time people had a problem with images
Didn't affect West (Rome, Ravenna) or areas under Muslim control (Sinai) |
|
|
Term
| What brought about the iconoclasm? |
|
Definition
Siege of Constantinople (626)
Muslim invasions - God seemed angry at Byzantium |
|
|
Term
| The Siege of Constantinople |
|
Definition
626
Emperor Heraclius - last Latin speaking emperor
Fought Greeks and Persians (old enemies). Justinian had previously been paying the Persians not to attack. Romans and Persians were to exhausted to fight the Muslims. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Mohammed b. 570
Persians took Jerusalem, Heraclius reconquered it. Captured by Muslims a few decades later.
C8 Damascus is centre of Muslim power. Xtianity is now a 'western' religion.
721 Caliph publishes a decree forbidding images
726 Iconoclasm begins in Byzantium. |
|
|
Term
| The Wrath of God upon Byzantium in the form of the Muslim invasions |
|
Definition
Conquest of Jerusalem
Conquest of Egypt (the breadbasket of the Empire)
726 Tsunami hits Byzantium
Muslims are successful and have no icons. Byzantines are unsuccessful and have images. THIS MUST HAVE BEEN THE DECIDING FACTOR IN THE CONFLICT! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No real theology at outset
754 Council of Hiereia - 'Ecumenical' council called against images.
Icons disallowed (except the cross) - military symbol bringing victory. Emperor was a military man. Is not an image of God
God cannot be circumscribed - imagery tries to do this
True image is consubstantial with archetype (C4 Christology). Only the Eucharist is so. |
|
|
Term
| Controversy around the 754 Council of Hiereia |
|
Definition
No Bishops from Rome/Eastern Sees of Jerusalem and Antioch)
Emperor with cabinet bishops - not accepted by everyone. Pope Gregory III formed a Synod to resist it.
Migration of iconodule Christians from East to Rome, or Muslim territories (in which they were protected). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
No consistent resistance from Rome
John of Damascus (ca. 650-749) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ca. 650-749
Writing from Syria (in Umayyadd Empire)
Treatise in defence of the Holy Icons
Draws from an already existing polemic
Proskeynesis (bowing down/venerating) =/= worship. OT examples. Commandment not to make images is really not to make and worship them.
Incarnation = delineation. We are depicting God incarnate, which he came into flesh in order for us to be able to do. Matter is good because God manifested himself in it.
Types of image clearly allowed by God (Son as image of Father; images of future in God's mind; concept of God sourced from sense data- trinity as sun, light, rays; omens; objects/words decreed by commands)
Venerating matter does not equate it with God. |
|
|
Term
| Timeline of the Fall of Byzantium |
|
Definition
c. 8-9 Bulgar nation rises in proximity with Byzantium. Kills emperor in battle.
862. Bulgar king converts to Christianity after much negotiation. Chooses Eastern church over Western church. Both are questioning the authority of eachothers' baptisms
1054 Great schism (E v W churches). Head of Byzantine church is excommunicated by Rome, but not the Emperor or people
1070(ish) Western Xtians in favour of eastern church migrate to Byzantium (still no real divide)
1204 Crusaders sack Byzantium to pay for loans funding campaign. Helped by power-hungry Byzantine prince. Desecrated holy sites, took everything of value. Lead to their rejection (and thus the Western Church) by the Eastern Church
1274 council of Lyons - Byzantine Emperors try (and fail) to win back Western support to fight the Ottomans
1453 Ottomans take Byzantium. Shortly before this, a single church had been negotiated. However, this was resisted by the monks, delaying the arrival of relief forces until the final day. A few Western soldiers took communion with Eastern ones, then the city fell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Slavic missionaries take culture to Russia. Translate texts.
Culture also transferred (architecture etc)
Expanded throughout Russia
Eastern Orthodoxy now very much alive there
Ancient Greek knowledge and learning preserved there, as well as other places touched by Byzantium |
|
|
Term
| Byzantine culture and Russian society |
|
Definition
Satisfied social needs: united autonomous tribes resisting unification under one king (model of heavenly rule).
Satisfied material needs - desirable technologies, architecture, municipal structures |
|
|
