Term
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Definition
| Small "w" is the natural, real world where the fabric of life was and is woven. Large "W" are areas set aside by law and protected. |
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Term
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Definition
Established the National Wilderness Preservation System (NWPS) and was initially composed of the pre-existing Wilderness and Wild Areas on the National Forests (about 9 million acres)
It left "wildlife management" under the jurisdiction of the states containing the boundaries of each Wilderness area. |
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Term
| Area preserved in the NWPS: |
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Definition
1. In 1964 Wilderness Act about 8.9 mil. acres
2. Another 6.9 mil. with the Endangered American Wilderness Act of 1978.
3. Alaska Lands Act: 60.2 mil. acres
4. Current Status-only 38% of the 90 mil. acres preserved are in the lower 48 states. |
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Term
| Wilderness designation criteria: |
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Definition
1. Only nature has affected the land.
2. Land presents outstanding opportunities for unconfined recreation in a climate of solitude.
3. Atleast (5,000 acres) must be abailable.
4. Area must include ecological, geological, or other features leading to educational, scientific, or historical values. |
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Term
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Definition
refers to yet legally unrecognized wilderness areas where ever they are located.
Places that meet criteria but haven't been added to the system because of various reasons. |
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Term
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Definition
Evolved into a crusader for wilderness preservation.
He was responsible for the establishment of the first Wilderness Area.
He was called the commanding General of the Wilderness Movement by Bob Marshall
Classified wildlife into Farm, Forest, Migratory, and Wilderness game. |
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Term
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Definition
started the Wilderness Society in 1935.
Head of Recreation for the Forest Service in late 1930s.
Instituted a system for protecting wildlands on the National Forests. |
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Term
| Management objectives for Wilderness wildlife management: |
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Definition
- Seek natural distribution, numbers, and interactions of indigenous species.
- Allow natural processes to control Wilderness ecosystems and their wildlife.
- Keep wildlife altered as little as possible by human influence.
- To permit activities that are biologically sound, legal, and conducted in the spirit of the Wilderness experience.
- To favor the preservation of rare, threatened, and endangered species.
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Term
| The value of Wilderness areas: |
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Definition
1) Scientific value
2) Living Museum concept
3) Unknown value for future
4)Economic:
Recreation, Film Industry,Balanced harvest of Wilderness products, Watershed protection |
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Term
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Definition
High heat capacity: stabilize body temp.
The "universal solvent" |
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Term
| Topography and erosion create various wildlife habitats: |
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Definition
1) oxbow lakes, rapids and canyons.
2) Deltas
3) Produces rain forests and deserts in rain shadow.
4) Mountain Snowpacks and watersheds |
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Term
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Definition
the arrangement of natural and artificial physical features of an area.
It along with climatic variables, soil and rock material contributes to soil erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The deep trench between Philippines and the Moluccas in the N. |
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Term
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Definition
| Include riparian ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems, and wetlands. They are more productive with species diversity and biomass. Valued for flood control, hydrologic function, and ecological stabilizing systems. Hydroseral wildlife (beaver, moose, waterfowl) and Mesoseral wildlife (deer, elk) are often associated or depend on these zones. |
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Term
| Green Line Vegetation Composition |
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Definition
| Sampling procedure for assessing the community type and species composition along edges of live water. The closer the line is to the water, the more stable. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by pieces of glaciers falling off of glacier. |
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Term
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Definition
| developed to count the number of ponds still available to waterfowl. It gives an estimate of reproduction by showing a strong correlation between the breeding ducks and the number of July ponds the previous year. |
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Term
Chionophobes:
Chionophores:
Chionophiles: |
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Definition
Animals that avoid snow and aren't adapted to it.
Adapted to snow, but are in the middle.
Preference to snow/ice. They love it! |
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Term
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Definition
The dynamic nutrient enrichment of water following impoundment.
Recycles nutrients and is essential to ecosystems. In newly flooded aquatic systems, the impounded waters may be rapidly enriched by the sudden release and distribution of these nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
The deliberate season or periodic drying of wetlands.
Kills fish (good/bad). You can add good fish.
Stimulates reproduction of invertebrates. |
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Term
| Alligators and Gator holes: |
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Definition
| Alligator is a keystone species. The gator holes are miniature refuges of fresh water. |
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Term
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Definition
Direct effect:
1. loss of insulation
2. Ingestion of oil via preening (die)
Indirect effect
1. Reproduction reduced (suffocates embryo inside) |
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Term
Raw sewage in streams:
zone of degradation:
zone of active decomposition
zone of recovery |
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Definition
area of immediate release. Massive depletion of DO due to high bacteria population.
downstream where sludge deposits. DO famine. Less anaerobic organisms flourish here.
High in DO and low in BOD. A full range of aquatic life begins again. |
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Term
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Definition
| When SO2 and NO2 from industrialization and moisture infuse and fall as precipitation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Effects terrestrial flora and fauna(forests) Soil and parent material influences(limestone) Aquatic life (dramatic fish loss, inhibit sense of smell in salmons, high mortality in embryos, and fish eating birds) |
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Term
Relationships between soil and wildlife:
1)Indirect
2) Direct |
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Definition
Indirect: soils effect something that effects wildlife
- soil influences vegetation
- Trophy sized big game (minerals in soils)
- Stream substrate influences the channel profile
Direct: soils directly effect wildlife
- Silewinder rattlesnakes(winds to not touch sand)
- Fossorial animals (burrowing/tunneling)
- Lead Shot (lead poisoning in species shot)
- Wet clay soils (mud-balls forming on animals)
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Term
| Influences of Soil on Wildlife: |
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Definition
1. Fossorial Animals
a. Den excavation
b. Frozen soils adaptations
2. Soil mineral content influences wildlife:
a. Salt licks influence distribution and movement.
3. Crypsis-genetic variation for camouflage (camileons) |
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Term
| Influences of wildlife on soils |
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Definition
Burrowing animals and insects move, mix and aerate soil. Animals after death enrich soil.
ex: Iguanas, Sea lions, Gray whales, gophers, earthworms (aerate soil), Beavers, Hooved animals |
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Term
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Definition
Leached soils- almost completely leached of nutrients
Lateritic soils- denuded soils high in iron
Fish-poor nutrient runoff |
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Term
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Definition
Animals overgrazing causes desertification. 80% of the worlds agricultural lands are desertified to some extent.
- Declining water tables
- Stalinization
- Reduced surface water
- High rates of erosion
- Degradation of native vegetation
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Term
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Definition
A discipline integrating biological, physical, and social sciences.
biological: deals with interactions between vegetation and animals.
physical: because of the importance of topography, climate,soil, and water on rangelands.
Social: because the demands people place on goods and services produced or present on rangelands. |
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Term
| Wildlife management on rangelands |
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Definition
Manipulation of vegetation: development and distribution of water. chaining (opens up for grass and vegetation that can be used by more animals)
Range livestock: domestic animals. Broader perspective (reindeer, zebra, camels, elk, etc.)
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Term
| Dietary partioning of rangeland vegetation: |
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Definition
The topic of dietary seperation of rangeland forage between livestock and wildlife has economic and political, and ecological importance.
Diet Analysis
Dietary Overlap |
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Term
| Microhistological method of diet analysis: |
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Definition
| the identification of quantification of plant species represented by epidermal tissues in dietary samples mounted on microscope slides. Slow and expensive. |
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Term
| Stable Isotope method of diet analysis: |
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Definition
| Carbon and nitrogen, and a host of other elements are naturally found to have isotopes. The most common form of C and N is C 12 and N 14. Their stable isotopes are C 13 and N 15 and are readily found in plant and animals and can be measured by mass spectrometers. The ratio of these isotopes in plants and animals allows managers to monitor diet partitioning. (measure breath, hair, etc. to tell what they ate. Can't tell how much) |
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Term
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Definition
Feeding sites of undisturbed animals are noted and then examined.
Behavioral sampling observations
Sampling of vegetation at feeding sites |
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Term
| Kulczynski's (Sorensen's) index of similarity: |
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Definition
| Used to quantify proportion of dietary overlap. SI= 2C(100)/ A+B (c is the # of species common to both diets. A is the total plant species in diet A. B is the total plant species in diet B) |
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Term
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Definition
| General term dealing with mans activities in the forest (planting, insect control, pruning, thinning, ect.) |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of all trees from a given area. Can be almost as good as fire. |
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Term
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Definition
| the removal of all trees except a few large ones which provide shade for developing seedlings, these large trees are often later harvested. But the young trees are damaged. |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to shelterwood cut, but the large trees are left as a seed source. Good-native stock is used instead of farmed seedlings. |
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Term
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Definition
| single trees are marked and taken. (all the trees of a given age) |
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Term
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Definition
| Whole groups are marked and harvested. As these groups get larger the cut resembles a clearcut. |
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Term
| 2 approaches to timber harvest: |
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Definition
1. Even-aged management (clearcutting, shelterwood, seed tree): cut everything the same age.
2. Uneven-aged management (single-tree selection, group selection): pick particular trees to thin out. |
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Term
| Methods Foresters use in considering wildlife: |
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Definition
1. Life form descriptions. Manage groups of animals lumped by their common life-form associations.
2. Featured species management vs. species richness management.
3. Geographical Information Systems (GIS): multi-layered analysis of species distribution and requirements in conjunction with habitat components. (GAP analysis & Patrec modeling: predicting habitat suitability) |
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Term
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Definition
| a process for managing certain wildlife populations at a level to optimize their numbers in relation to economic, social and ecological factors. To manage a certain type of wildlife, compensatory mortality is focused on the removal of the excess by humans. |
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Term
| Types of wildlife management: |
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Definition
Manipulative management: changes numbers by direct means or influencing numbers by indirect means (altering food supply, habitat, etc.)
Custodial management: preventive or protective. |
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Term
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Definition
| represents the ethics and techniques of wildlife management. International, non-profit. Stated goal: to promote excellence in wildlife stewardship through science and education. "The Journal of Wildlife Management" and "The wildlife Society Bulletin" are their publications. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study and preservation of habitat for the purpose of conserving the biodiversity. |
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Term
| Conservation biology's founding principles: |
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Definition
1. Genetic Diversity: diversity of genes within a species.
2. Species Diversity: More species in an area. Inverse correlation between species richness and latitude.
3. Ecological Diversity: more ecosystems and more diversity in ecosystems. |
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Term
| Conservation Biology and Wildlife Management have a shared approach to categorizing events: |
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Definition
They believe these events are part of the system and should be let a lone.
Demographic Stochasticity, Genetic stochasticity, Environmental Stochasticity, and Natural Catastrophes |
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Term
| Demographic stochasticity: |
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Definition
| produces a change occurrence of an unfavorable death rate or other feature of population ecology |
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Term
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Definition
| results from the chance occurrence of unfavorable genetic circumstances |
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Term
| Environmental stochasticity: |
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Definition
| occurs with a change occurrence of unusual levels of predation parasitism, disease, or other decimating factors |
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Term
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Definition
| of which random fires, floods, and droughts are representative; for example hurricane Katrina and the effects of the natural delta areas of Louisiana. |
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