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| any belief about reality that is not based on absolute or indisputable knowledge, but rather seems valid or probably to the one who holds it |
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| offering evidence to demonstrate the reasonableness of, and thus persuade others to accept, an opinion or conclusion one holds |
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| concluding that an effect has only one cause when it is really the result of multiple causes |
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| making a judgment on the basis of one or even a few samples |
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| stereotyping; making a judgment about an entire group based upon behavior, mostly undesirable, of a few from that group |
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| arguing on the basis of a comparison of unrelated things |
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| Arguing against an action on the unsupported assertion that it will inevitably lead to a much worse condition |
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| Stating a general principle and then applying it in a special case as though it were a universal rule |
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| "to the man;" seeking to discredit a person's argument by attacking their personal character, origin, associations, etc. |
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| Appeal to False Authority |
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| Appealing to the opinion of a person who agrees with yours because they are generally respected by the audience, but have no real authority on the topic at hand |
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| claiming that something is true simply because it cannot be disproved, or that something is untrue because it cannot be proven |
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| Justifying a course of action because "everyone is doing it" |
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| concluding about the way things ought to be simply on the basis of how things are or are assumed to be |
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| Looking only for things that support our current ideas, and ignoring evidence that does not |
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| Oversimplifying a complex issue to make it appear that only two alternatives are possible |
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| Raising an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the primary issue |
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| when a person simply ignores a person's actual position and substitutes a distorted, exaggerated, or misrepresented version of that position |
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