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| From 1830 - 1865. Struggle of whites (many who did it for religious reasons, avoiding being sent to Hell) and blacks to end slavery. Caught steam in 1830s due to the Evangelical Movement, social disruption through manufacturing and commerce, and the growth of literacy and oratory in the form of slave narrative and speakers. |
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| The centuries-long struggle of blacks for freedom from oppression since the days of the Atlantic Slave Trade; still ongoing. |
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| Social movement whose success and failure largely depends one dynamic leader or small group of leaders. Is not sustainable over the long haul. |
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| Period between 1955 - 1965; movement to end segregation and gain rights and freedoms for blacks that white people had. Led to the stance against racism and segregation throughout the south and towards fighting for equality. Most significant southern social movement of the 20th century. |
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| An oppositional movement launched to counter a social movement |
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| Not actually a formal movement, but it marked a turning point in black/white relations in the United States, as well as how blacks saw themselves |
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- Political/Intellectual context for the Harlem Renaissance
- The literary and intellectual flowering that fostered a new black cultural identity in the 1920s and 30s
- Has been called the “spiritual coming of age” in which the black community was able to seize upon its “first chances for group expression and self determination” |
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- Grew out of 19th century efforts to end slavery and the slave trade. At this time blacks worldwide were being oppressed, as slavery existed in America, South America, and the Caribbean. Also, the colonization of Africa had begun
- As a result of these events, black peoples worldwide began to realize that they faced common problems (slavery, colonization, and racism), and that it would be to their benefit to work together in an effort to solve these problems |
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- Involves a protagonist, which involves a group working towards a common goal
- Must have mobilization, resources, bodies, political support, and opportunity |
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| Slave/ry/Slave Narratives |
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- Institutionalized condition of unfreedom—often based on a combination of race, sex, class, and ethnic status—that severely constrains the protection of rights, liberties, and privileges enjoyed by others, and renders one relatively powerless within a society
- Stories told/written by slaves about their experiences
- A.A. narratives have a mythological structure. Most narratives appeared between 1830 and 1865. Abolitionist Era was really spurred on by the production of slave narratives |
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- Popular name for the U.S. Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands; from 1865-1872.
- Established to provide aid to 4 million newly freed black Americans in their transition from slavery to freedom, giving them food, health care, education, and such. |
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- 1876-1965
- Mandated de jure segregation, meaning segregation by law, between blacks and whites
- While the segregation was supposed to be “separate but equal,” they never were and always resulted in inferior conditions for blacks |
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| out laws slavery, grants the right to marry to A.A. but not our side of the race. Blacks can testify in court |
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| Anyone born in the U.S. cannot be denied the rights of citizenship. “Equal protection clause” |
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| cannot deny the right to vote based on affirming the right to vote in a negative sense |
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different limitations on blacks.
Need travel papers, blacks needed to be inside by sundown. Whites have power to harass blacks.
- Created in 1865 as a way for white southerners to control and inhibit the freedom of recently freed slaves
- Controlled almost all aspects of life and prohibited African Americans from the freedoms that we had been won
- Such codes regulated civil and legal rights, such as marriage, the right to hold and sell property, and the predestined definition of African Americans as agricultural laborers |
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1. Institutional
2. Ideological
3. Individual
4. Imperial |
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| those who oppose the aims, goals of a social movement |
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| those who are uninterested, unmotivated, or uninvolved |
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| theory of evolution of individual social movements |
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| leaders and their supporters |
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| the problem or thing that they are trying to fix or shut down |
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| Organization/Mobilization |
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| in a social movement, these are important to have in order to make yourself and your organization appear legitimate and credible |
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| Political Opportunity Structure |
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| political climate/assistance necessary to achieve goals |
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| resources to pool or draw on in order to sustain the movement; depends a lot on communication |
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| overall guiding plan for obtaining movement’s goals; the manner in which you execute your plan of attack |
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| the range of efforts social movement folks use to achieve their goals |
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- 1896: Louisiana mandated separate but equal accommodations for whites and blacks on interstate railroads as constitutional
- Used after in order to justify the separation of blacks and whites by local and state laws |
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| Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka |
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- 1954: the start of the Civil Rights Movement set many others into motion
- Supreme Court strikes down the idea of separate but equal
- Paved the way for integration and the Civil Rights Movement |
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o 1868-1963
o First black American to receive a PHD from Harvard
o Helped found the NAACP (1909)
o Many consider him to be the founder of American sociology
o Early founder of the Pan-African movement
o Early proponent of the anti-nuclear movement
o Wrote a seminal text on reconstruction in the 1935
o Promoted idea of a “Talented Tenth” of elite Negroes to lead the race
o Articulated the notion of “Double Consciousness” for black Americans |
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o 1856 – 1915 was an African American educator, author, orator, and political leader
o Founder of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama (1881)
Tuskegee Institute/Historically Black Colleges and Universities
o His autobiography, Up From Slavery, first published in 1901, is still widely read today
o In an effort to inspire the "commercial, agricultural, educational, and industrial advancement" of African Americans, Washington founded the National Negro Business League (NNBL) in 1900
o Had a famous, if overblown, conflict with Du Bois over the best method of achieving black equality |
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o Jamaican Immigrant that came to Harlem
o 1914 UNIA (Universal negro Improvement Association)
o Promoted world trade, capitalism and Christianity
o Bought a boat and tried to transport all blacks worldwide back to Africa
o Said that whites were threatened by black pride |
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| Montgomery Improvement Association, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Highlander Folk School, Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee, Congress of Racial Equality |
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| Nation of Islam; Muslim Mosque, Inc.; Organization of Afro-American Unity; Black Power and Black Nationalism |
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| Seven cultural aspects of Hip-Hop |
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1. Rap Music: central to hip-hop; goes against institutionalization and consumption
2. Film: expresses what is happening; dancing, music, etc.
3. Fashion: style is a part of the mainstream culture
4. Dance: break dancing, b-boying, b-girling
5. Language: verbal and nonverbal; slang, phrases, body movement
6. Literature: poetry slams, novels, plays, anything written…
7. Art: Graffiti |
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1. Pleasure party sound
2. Pain adapt and transform it into art
3. Politics elements within the culture/sound
4. Protest
5. Participatory central to black culture; call-and-response, for example |
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1. Narrative/Storytelling to popular music
2. Innovations in Recorded Sound
3. Potentially rich portrait of African American experience, particularly in
post-Civil Rights, Post-Black Power eras
4. Much greater political possibility |
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| Why is hip-hop important? |
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1. Hip hop conflates representation with reality – authenticity/keepin’ it real
2. Capitalist principles run amok - logic of late capitalism promotes
3. Promotes ethos of unbridled consumption
4. Dangers of black public sphere in mainstream culture |
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| What are four problems of hip-hop? |
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| When was the hip-hop generation? |
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| DJing; MCing; b-boying; graffiti/tagging |
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| What are the four elements of hip-hop? |
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| Guns; drugs; "bitches and hoes" |
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| What is the Unholy Trinity of Hip-Hop? |
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| musical collages composed of brief segments of recorded sound |
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| reformulated segments of recorded sound to create a new context |
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| is a DJ or turntablist technique used to produce distinctive sounds by moving a vinyl record back and forth on a turntable while manipulating the crossfader on a DJ mixer. |
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